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THE

NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE,

JOURNAL OF THE NUMISMATIC SOCIETY.

THE

NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE,

JOURNAL

NUMISMATIC SOCIETY,

EDITED BY

W. S. W. VAUX, M.A.,F.S.A.,
JOHN EVANS, F.S.A.,F. as.,

FREP. W. MADPEN, M.RS.L.

NEW SERIES.— VOL. I.

Factum abiit— monumenta manent— Ov. Past.

LONPON:
JOmi RUSSELL SMITH, 36, SOHO SQUARE.
PARIS : M. RCLLIX, EUE VIVIENNE, No. 12.
1861,

i,o»DOx:

PRINTED BY JAMES 8. VlhTOE,
aXT BOAO.

CONTENTS.

ANCIENT NUMISMATICS.

Page

An account of a board of ancient British Coins discovered in the

neighbourliood of Frome. By John Evans, Esq., E.S.A. . 1
Silver Coin of Carausius. By John Evans, Jlsq., F.S.A. . . 36
On some Coins of Constans U- and his Sons, discovered in the

Island of Cyprus. By the Hon. J. Leicester Warren, M.A. . 42

An account of British Gold and Roman Silver Coins found at

Lightcliffe, near Halifax, in the year 1827 .... 79

On a Coin of Mallus in Cilicia. By R. S. Poole, Esq., M.R.S.L. 87

On some Unpublished Roman Corns. By Fred. W. Madden,

Esq.,M.R.S.L 91

On some Remarkable Greek Coins lately acquired by the British

Museum. By W. S. W. Vaux, Esq., M.A., F.S.A. . . 104

" The Three Valentinians." By Fred. W. Madden, Esq., M.R.S.L. 112

On a Copper Coin of the class struck after the death of Alexander

the Great, by his Generals, before they assumed regal titles.

By R. Stuart Poole, Esq., M.R.S.Ji .137

Unpublished Coin of Carausius. By John Evans, Esq., F.S.4^. . 1 63
On a Legionary Coin of Carausius. By John Evans, Esq., F.S.A. 161
On two Cretan Coins in the British Museum. By Reginald Stuart

Poole, Esq., M.R.6.L 168

On the Coins of Theodosius I. and IT., with some Remarks on the
Mint-marks " Comob." and *' Conob.," and on the Coins of
Placidia, the Wife of Coustantius (Patricius). By Frea. V\ .
Madden, Esq., M.R.S.L 175

On a Coin from the Cyrenaica, presented by the late F. H.
Crowe, Esq., H.M. Consid at Cairo. By R. S. Poole,
Esq., M.R.S.L 201

A few words on Byzantine Numismatic Art. By the Hon. J.

Leicester Warren, M.A 211

A Coin of Helike. By Dr. Julius Friedlaender . .216

Unpublished Greek Autonomous and Imperial Coins. By W.

Webster, Esq 218

294234

THE

NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE,

JOURNAL OF THE NUMISMATIC SOCIETY.

NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

AN ACCOUNT OF A HOARD OF ANCIENT

BRITISH COINS DISCOVERED IN THE

NEIGHBOURHOOD OF FROME.

[Read before the Numismatic Society, December 13th, ] 860.]

By the kind co-operation of Captain Mnrehison, I am
enabled to communicate to tte Numismatic Society an
account of one of tte most interesting discoveries of
ancient Britist coins ttat ever has been placed upon
record. Alttough not in intrinsic value coming near
some of tte various hoards wtict tave formerly been
discovered, yet, so far as concerns tte information to be
derived from tte coins themselves, and ttose of Roman
mintage, witt which they were found associated, the
present find is entitled to take at least equal rank with
the celebrated finds of Kam-Brg, High Wycombe, Farley
Heath, Almondbury, Whaddon Chase, or Weston, if it
is not even of more importance.

The neighbourhood of Frome, in Somersetshire, has long
been well known to antiquaries as having firom time to time
produced many coins of the ancient British series, more

VOL. I. N.S. B

}£ NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

especially of tte class reading CATTI, COMVX, &c. ; but
the present discovery will materially add to the numismatic
celebrity of that district.

It was on the 15th of October last that two men, plough-
ing in a field known as the Eleven Acres, and forming a
portion of West Down Farm in the parish of Nunney,
broke open a small urn, and thus brought to light the
hoard of coins I am now about to describe. The village
of Nunney is situated about three miles west of Frome,
on the road between that town and Shepton Mallett ; but
the West Down Farm is close to the hamlets of Holwell
and Leighton, the villages of the district lying very close
together. The Eleven Acres field is rather higher than
the surrounding country, forming indeed a summit level ;
and it was in the highest portion of the field that the urn
was buried. The depth of soil above the solid rock is not
more than from six inches to a foot, so that it is remark-
able that the urn should have lain so long undiscovered.
^' Nature hath furnished one part of the earth and man
another. The treasures of Time lie high in urns, coyns,
and monuments, scarce below the roots of some vegetables,^*
but still " that great antiquity America lay buried for a
thousand years, and a great part of the earth is still in the
urn to us.^' And so it had been with this hoard of coins,
but for the chance stroke of the ploughshare. Whether
its preservation hitherto has been due to an ancient
yew-tree, which stood within five yards of it, and has only
been lately cut down ; and whether that yew-tree, or its
predecessor on the spot, may by any possibility have been
the landmark by which whoever deposited this hoard
intended to recognise the place of its interment, are
questions on which I need not speculate. However this
may have been, the urn seems even now to have revealed

HOARD OF ANCIENT BRITISH COINS. 3

its contents only by degrees, the first finders having dis-
covered but one or two gold coins ; the next man who
searched upon the spot having found a large number of
silver coins, all lying: together, and without any gold coins
among them ; and another person, who searched subse-
quently and dug lower, having found several more gold
coins and five or six Roman coins in silver and copper.

The coins of the hoard being thus dispersed, some of
them were offered for sale to Mr. Walker of Bath, and
Mr. Singer of Frome, both of whom at once proceeded to
the spot, and collected them as far as was possible from
the various owners into whose hands they had fallen. By
dint of their efforts upwards of two hundred of the coins
were recovered, by far the greater part of which eventually
passed into Captain Murchison^s possession, and some few
into my own. Others were obtained by Mr. Glencross,
the owner of the farm, who has kindly placed them in
Captain Murchison^s hands for examination, and who also
allowed him to make a subsequent careful search upon the
spot, through which six more of the silver coins were
obtained.

The urn was so much shattered by the first finders, and
the fragments so dispersed, that only a few small pieces
could be recovered, and nothing can be now learned as
to its form, except that it was circular, with the sides
sloping outwards, and having an exterior diameter of
about four and a half inches at its base. It was formed
of clay very imperfectly burnt, and .mixed, as is so fre-
quently the case with British urns, with particles of
calcareous matter, which in this instance appears to have
been derived firom the immediate neighbourhood, as a
fossil shell — a Rhynconella concinna, from the great oolite
— is imbedded in the bottom part of the urn.

4 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

A small bow-shaped fibula in bronze, of the type No. 11,
PL xii., of Akennan^s Archaeological Index, was found
upon the spot, but it is uncertain whether it formed part
of the contents of the urn or no.

The number of coins it contained was, as far as I have
been able to ascertain, 249, viz., 10 British coins in gold,
232 in silver ; 3 Boman coins in silver, and 4 in second
bras». These I will now proceed to describe.

No. 1.

Ohv, — An ornament somewhat resembling a fern -leaf (Blech-
num horeale) or the backbone of a sole.

Rev, — CATTI. A rude three-tailed horse, to the right;
above, a crescent between two pellets and a small
cross, like a heraldic caltrap ; below, a wheel and
pellet ; behind the horse, three pellets ; in front,
a small cross. N. PL i. 1.

Of this type but two specimens were found, one of
which is now, 1 believe, in the local Museum at Taunton.
The weight of the other, which shows the legend very
imperfectly, is 85i grs. Another specimen is engraved
in the Numismatic Journal, vol.i. pi. i. 8, which also was
discovered in the neighbourhood of Frome, though now
many years ago.

No. 2.

Obv.—A similar ornament to that on the coin last described.

JKev.— ANTEDRIGV, or ANTEGRIGV. The three-
tailed horse, to the right, with wheel, &c., in the
field, as^ on the former coin. The concluding
letters of the legend are scattered, the E. being
beneath the nose of the horse, the I between his
fore-legs, the G in the space between the fore-
legs and the wheel, and the V beneath the tail.
The whole device is surrounded by a circle of
pellets set at intervals of about an eighth of an
inch. N, PL i. 2, 8, 4.

HOARD OF ANCIENT BRITISH COINS. 5

Of this type there were either seven or eight specimens
found ; the weight of those I have examined being as
follows,— 69, 71, 73, 77i, 79, 81, and 83 grs. They are
of exceedingly base metal, in fact some of them appear to
be only copper plated with gold. The type is engraved in
the Numismatic Chronicle, vol. xvi. p. 80.

No. 3.

Obv. — Rude head in profile ; the outlines of the face por-
trayed by a thick crooked line, which bifurcates
to form the mouth; the back of the head is
defined by a beaded semicircle, while two ring-
ornaments seem to represent the eye and the ear,
with a small cross by way of decoration between
them. The hair is rendered by a series of
crescents with pellets in the centre of each. In
front of the face are several curved or dolphin-
shaped figures, ring-ornaments, and pellets, and
the whole seems to be surrounded by a double
ring of pellets placed alternately, and some little
distance apart.

i?6v.— ANTED, or ANTEG. A horse, to the left, with a
streaming triple tail, the head, shoulders, and hind
quarters formed with ring-ornaments. There
are several pellets and ring-ornaments in the
field. The whole within a circle of pellets set at
considerable distances apart. PI. i. 5, 6. On
one specimen, in which the " thrice-told " tail of
the horse streams upward, the legend appears to
be ANTE0RI. PI. i. 7.

There axe several insignificant variations in the arrange-
ment of the ring-ornaments and pellets on the field in
various specimens. The metal is extremely base silver, so
much alloyed with copper that many coins are coated
with green oxide.

Of these coins sixteen at least were in the hoard,
varying in weight from 13 to 21 grs., but mostly from
17 to 20 grs., the average weight of the 16 being 17f grs.

6 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

The type is engraved in the Numismatic Chronicle, vol. xx.
p. 172, No. 11.

No. 4.

Ohv, — Head in profile similar to ttat on the coins last
described, but occasionally of even ruder execu-
tion.

i?ci;.— SVEI or EISV. Three-tailed horse, to the left, as
on the former coins. In the field various pellets.
On some there is a Y-shaped figure, or star of
three points above the horse. Silver, like the
last, excessively base. Pi. i. 8, 9, 10.

Of this class 27 coins were found, the average weight
being 17| grs., but individual specimens varying from
14| to 21^ grs. Unpublished.

No. 5.

Ohv, — An extremely stolid-looking head in profile, to the
right ; the workmanship very rude, but still there
is a much closer approach to human features than
on the coins of the two classes last described.
The hair is represented by a number of crescent-
shaped bosses placed alternately back to back,
with occasionally three small peflets on each, and
between the hair and the face is a beaded band,
forming an arc of a circle. The chin is repre-
sented by a rounded projection below the beak-
like lips. In front of the face are the curved
objects and pellets.

Rev. — Uninscribed. Three-tailed horse, to the left ; below
a sort of quatrefoil ; above a kind of triquetra
springing from a ring-ornament or pellet in the
centre. In the field ring-ornaments and pellets.

PI. i. 11.

The silver of these coins seems in general rather finer
than that of the other coins of the find, and they are for
the most part wider spread. They also seem to have been
longer in circulation, being more worn. I have examined
eight of them, and found the usual weight to be about
16 grs.

HOARD OF ANCIENT BRITISH COINS. 7

No. 6.

Obv, — Rude head in profile, very similar to that on the
coins last described. It is, however, still more
barbarous, the chin having disappeared, and the
caltrap-like cross being inserted beneath the eye,
which is now represented by a ring -ornament.
The crescents which form the hair at the back of
the head are converted into triangular groups of
three pellets each, and the hair in front of the
beaded band becomes more conspicuous. The
same pellets, ring-ornaments, and crooked objects
are in the field in front of the face, and there is a
ring-ornament below the chin.

Eev, — Uninscribed. Very similar to the last, but the
ornament above the horse loses its triquetra-like
form, its principal feature being now a crescent
below a ring -ornament. Silver. Five speci-
mens; average weight, 18 grs. . PL i. 12.

No. 7.

Obv.— A rude head, in profile, much resembling that on
the last type described, but the lips no longer
distinguished by separate strokes. The face is,
in fact, the same as that on the coins reading
ANTED and SVEI. (Types 3 and 4.) On some
the face can hardly be recognised, and such was
the case with the coin of this type engraved in
Hawkins, pi. i. 15.

Hev. — Uninscribed. The same three -tailed horse, with
various adjuncts in the field. There is usually the
same quatrefoil below the horse, as on type 5 ; and
above, a ring-ornament and small cross. The ring-
ornament has a straight line like a handle project-
ing from it, and two crescents placed like ears
above. On some we find the crescent instead of
the cross, and on others there are small pellets,
formed with an outer ring and small central boss,
like those on the gold coins of Farley Heath and
some of the silver coins from Sussex.'

PI. i. 13, 14.

Like all the coins of this find, they are convex on the
obverse, and concave on the reverse, but the coins that are

* Num. Ohron., vol. ii. p. 231 .

H NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

most dished belong to this class. It is likewise by far
the most numerous^ there having been at least 176 coins
belonging to it in the hoard, varying in weight from 13
to 21i grs., but the average weight being 18^ grs. The
silver of which they are composed is extremely base.

I now come to the Roman coins found with the British,
seven in number, which are as follows : —

No. 1 . — A denarius of the ^Emilia family.

C'^^v.— (ALEXANDREA.) Turreted female head, to the
right.

/?ct;.— M. LEPIDV8 PONT. MAX. TVTOR REG. S.6.

liCpidus crowning Ptolemy V. (Cohen, pi. i. 7 ;
Uiccio, pi. ii. f3.)

No. 2. — A denarius of the Julia family.

Obv, — OAESAR. An elephant, to the right, trampling
on a serpent.

Rev. — Simpulum, aspergillum, &c. (Cohen, pi. xx. 10;
Kiccio, pi. XX. 12.)

No. 3. — A denarius of the Servilia and Junia family.

Obv. — Laureated head of Apollo, to the right.

Rev,--Q . CAEPIO . BRVTVS . IMP. Two captives
seated at the foot of a trophy. (Cohen, pi. xxxviii. 8.)

No. 4. — A second-brass coin excessively decayed, pos-
sibly of Agrippa.

No. 5.

Obv.-'TI . CLAVDIVS CAESAR AVG Bare head

of Claudius, to the left.

/?cv.— CERES AVGVSTA S.C. Ceres seated, to the
left. Ofgenuine Roman work. iE. 2. (Cohen, 72.)

No. 6.

06v.— ANTONIA AVGVSTA. Her head, to the right.
/?ev.— Portions of the legend— TI. CLAVDIVS CAE-
SAR AVG. P.M. TR.P. IMP. S.C, which has

HOARD OP ANCIENT BRITISH COINS. 9

been double struck around a figure of Claudius
standing, to the left. (Cohen, 6.) The drapery
is treated much after the manner of that of SPES
on coins of Claudius. This coin is of barbarous
fabric, and has been struck twice, though possibly
with the same dies. JE, 2.

No. 7. — Also a second brass coin of ANTONIA ; the
same type, but still more barbarously rendered.

Having now described the diflferent varieties of the coins
of which the hoard discovered at Nunney consisted, I will
proceed to an examination of the character of their types
and legends, and of the features of novelty which those of
British origin present; and I will next oflFer some sug-
gestions as to the tribes or princes by whose authority
they were struck, and the period to which they are to be
referred.

With regard to the type of the gold coins, it is that
which is already well known as belonging to the coins
found principally in the counties of Somersetshire and
Gloucestershire. The object upon the obverse, which
bears considerable resemblance to the leaf of one of our
indigenous ferns, has berry-like enlargements at the end
of each spike, and it is hard to say what it is really
intended to represent. There can, however, be but little
doubt that there is in it a reminiscence of the wreath
upon the head derived from the Macedonian staters, which
appears in a more or less perfect state on nearly all the
ancient British series in gold. Some of the links in the
chain of successive copies of copies are still wanting, but
one of them is certainly to be recognised in the coin foimd
at Mount Batten, near Plymouth, engraved in Hawkins,
pi. i. 6. There is, however, no difficulty in supposing that
the wreath of Apollo, which on the coins of Cunobeline
became converted into an ear of com, and on those of

VOL. I. N.s. c

10 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

Dubnovellaunus, and others, merely left its trace in the
shape of a raised band across the field, may have under-
gone the amount of transformation we find on the obverse
of these coins. The three-tailed horse on the reverse is very
similar to that on many of the uninscribed coins, both with
plain obverses and with portions of the rude head upon
them, which, after it had once become thus far degenerated,
seems to have remained nearly unaltered in character.

There can be no doubt that the type of the inscribed
silver coins, and that of most of the uninscribed, is
derived from the class of coins of which No. 11 in the
plate is a specimen; and in the description already
given I have shown the various modifications of the
original that were successively introduced. No. 11 has
long been known as a British type, and is engraved,
though from an imperfect specimen, in the Numis-
matic Chronicle, vol. ii. p. 89, No. 6. It is also given
by Stukeley, pi. xxii. 8, though not to be found in
Ruding or Hawkins. The type of No. 12 in the plate
may be said to be now engraved for the first time, and the
same is almost the case with Nos. 13 and 14, as the engrav-
ings in the Numismatic Journal, vol. i. pi. i. No. 13, Haw-
kins, pi. i. 15, and Ruding, pi. A. 86, do not convey
the slightest impression of there being any attempt to
represent a head upon the coin.

I am not at present prepared to say from whence we
are to seek the original coin from which the head in
profile on No. 11, with the dolphin-shaped objects in
front, was derived. The dolphin-shaped objects are, how-
ever, to be found upon the coins of the Channel Islands^
type, and upon many of the Gaulish series, and it is
probable that they in turn derived them from some more
classical prototypes. I may here remark that the small

HOARD OF ANCIENT BRITISH COINS. 11

coin already mentioned as engraved in the Numismatic
Journal, vol. i. pi. i. 13, was discovered at Mount Batten,
near Plymouth, in company with a large number of coins
of the Channel Islands' type, and the gold coin with the
spike on the obverse previously cited. Among the minor
details of the coins, the presence of the small cruciform
ornament on nearly all the coins is well worthy of notice.
It appears to be a frequent adjunct on the coins found in the
western districts of England, and is to be observed upon
those reading BODVOC and COM (?), as well as upon the
various types of the present find. It is also beneath the
horse's head on the uninscribed coin already mentioned,
which was found near Plymouth. (Hawkins, pi. i. 6.)

I now come to the consideration of the legends upon the
coins, one at least of which is entirely novel ; I mean that
upon the coins Nos. 8, 9, and 10 of the plate, which from
their analogy with the silver coins reading ANTED, with
the AN below the horse, must in all probability be read
SVEI, in preference to what might otherwise appear the
more obvious reading — EISV. Finding, as we do, so many
coins closely resembling each other in type, and apparently
all belonging to nearly, though not quite, the same period,
I am inclined to think that we must regard the legends
upon them as representing the names of the princes by
whom the coins were struck, rather than as giving the
names of the tribes among whom they were current. I
therefore consider that we have in the legend SVEI the
first letters of the name of some British regulus, which pos-
sibly future discoveries may enable us to complete. There
are not wanting examples of names with a very similar
commencement among the princes of Gaul and Germany.
In the inscription of Augustus at Ancyra mention is made
of SVEBO, a prince of the Marcomanni ; and SVTICVS, a

12 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

prince of the Veliocasses, is known by his coins. The
word SVICCA also occurs on tetradrachms, apparently of
Pannonian origin. The Suardones, the Suessiones, the
Suessitani, the Suevi, and the Suiones, are all instances of
the names of tribes compounded with this prefix. An
attribution of the coins to the Silures is tempting^ but I
am afraid hardly admissible.

The legend ANTED was already well known before the
discovery of the present hoard, and some remarks upon it
will be found in the twentieth volume of the Numismatic
Chronicle, p. 178. It is satisfactory to me to find that
my classification of the type in silver, then first described,
with those in gold with the same legend, has been so fully
and speedily corroborated. We are, however, now enabled
to complete the name of the prince who struck these coins,
and to add ANTEDRIGVS to the roll of British kings.
I think that there can be no doubt of the correctness of
the reading ANTEDRIGV; but whether the final S is
omitted for want of space, or the termination is that of
a genitive, I cannot say. On the coin of this type found at
Banbury' the termination appears to be OV or QV, and
both these letters are in the space between the hind legs
and tail of the horse. I may remark that on the gold
coin of Epaticcus the legend appears only to extend to
EPATICCV; and that the rather peculiar arrangement of
the legend Antedrigu is somewhat analogous to that on
the gold coins of the Yorkshire type with DVMNO
COVEROS, &c.

It is curious to observe how the form of the D varies

upon different coins, being sometimes a perfect D, at

others a barred D, like the Saxon D, and at others,

again, a perfect 9, thus affording a commentary on the

' Arch. Assoc. Journ., vol. ii. p. 24.

HOARD OF ANCIENT BRITISH COINS. 18

" Graecis Uteris utuntur ^^ of Caesar, when speaking of the
Druids." The sickle-like form of the & on these coins is
also remarkable, and entirely different from the shape of
the same letter on the Yorkshire coins (Hawkins, pi. i. 9),
which afford the only other instance of the letter Gb occur-
ring on the ancient British series.

Whether the British name of Victory, Andate, enters
into the composition of the name of Antedrigus, and
whether by any chance the name of this prince is to
be traced in the Arviragus mentioned by Juvenal —

— " aut de temone Britanno
Excidet Arviragus/'* —

are subjects for speculation. We shall presently see that
so far as dates are concerned there is nothing to contra-
dict the latter hypothesis.

In attempting to trace analogous names, that of Ante-
brogius, the ambassador of the Rhemi to Caesar,' is the first
that presents itself; but it is not a little curious that the
legend ANTED, or ANTED (with the letters linked into a
monogram), is found upon the coins of the Iceni. If the
legend on the other coins of this hoard were to be read EISV
instead of SVEI, we should have a further analogy in the
Icenian coin reading AESV/ but, as I said before, there
are reasons for supposing SVEI to be the correct reading.

We must now consider to what period of history these
coins are to be referred, and I must here confess that I
am compelled by the circumstances of the present disco-
very to assign them a more recent date than I should
otherwise have been disposed to fix. It is true that the
extreme baseness of the metal, the great divergence of

' De Bell. GaU., vi. 14. * Sat. iv. 127.

^ De Bell. Gall., ii. 3. • Num. Chron., vol. xvi. p. 80, No. 8.

14 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

the object or wreath upon the obverse from its original
prototype, and last, not least, the comparatively light
weight of the coins, all point to a late stage in the British
coinage ; yet the rude three-tailed horse on the gold coins,
and their dished shape, bear closer analogy to those of the
earlier and heavier coins than might have been expected,
if, as is probable, there was a considerable lapse of time
between the issue of the earliest and latest of the British
series. The silver coins might from their type and character
have been assigned to a rather later period than the gold,
did not the inscription and their association together prove
them to be contemporaneous.

We are not, however, left entirely to conjecture as to the
date of these coins, as they could not by any possibility have
been consigned to the keeping of the earth before the days
of Claudius, one of whose coins it will be remembered was
found With them. Like the other brass coins of Claudius,
this has not the year of his tribunitian power upon it, so that
an exact date cannot be assigned to it. The same absence of
date occurs with the coins of Antonia, but these are merely
barbarous imitations of those of Roman mintage, so that
assuming the originals to have been struck in the first
year of Claudius a.d. 41, I think that the deposit of this
hoard could not have taken place at so early a period
as the expedition of Plautius and Claudius to Britain,
A.D. 43 and 44. It seems much more probable that the
coins were buried at a somewhat later date, and it is by
no means impossible that their original possessor may have
perished during the wars with the Romans, when Ostorius
Scapula was Proprsetor in Britain, a.d. 50 to 55.

Now we learn from Tacitus that at that time the two
most powerful tribes with whom Ostorius had to contend
were, first, the Iceni, of whose position in the eastern part

HOARD OF ANCIENT BRITISH COINS. 15

of England, about Norfolk and SuflFolk, there can be no
doubt; and, secondly, the Cangi, concerning the exact
situation of whose territories there has been much question.
It is, however, beyond dispute that the Cangi occupied a
tract of country at some distance from the Iceni, and that
after several skirmishes with them, the army of Ostorius
arrived not far from the sea which looks towards Ire-
land (" quod Hiberniam insulam aspectaf ), and that one
of the main objects of Ostorius was to establish a chain of
forts in the western districts, between the Avon and the
Severn, which apparently had been attacked by the Cangi.
From these and other grounds Camden, Bishop Gibson,
and other writers, have fixed (and that with much show of
reason) the territory of the Cangi in Somersetshire,
When we consider how celebrated are the Mendip Hills
for their lead mines, and that the pigs' of lead inscribed
DE. CEANG., cast under Vespasian and Domitian, and
EX KIAN under Nero, have been discovered in various
parts of England, the former occupation by the Cangi of
a district including these hills, so abundant in mineral
wealth, appears all the more probable.

It is therefore possible that we have in this hoard the
coins of that tribe, and if so, the question arises, do the silver
coins attributed to the Iceni — the other powerful tribe with
which Ostorius had to cope — ^belong to the same period, or
is there any connection capable of being traced between
them ? It is certainly very remarkable how closely the two
classes of coins correspond in weight, the average of twenty
Icenian coins in my collection being just 18 grs. ; at the
same time the occurrence of the legend ANTED or ANTED
upon the coins of both classes is, to say the least of it, a

7 Arch. Assoc. Journ., vol. v. p. 226.

16 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

very curious coincidence. It will be remembered, too, that
some Roman consular denarii were included in the Weston
find, as well as in this at Nunney, though, I believe, that
at Weston there were no imperial coins discovered.

It is not, however, safe to enter further into the region
of speculation, so that classing, as we must do, the
coins reading BODVOC, CORI (?), COMVX, CATTI,
ANTEDRIGV, and SVEI together, I cannot venture
to suggest at present in what chronological order they are
to be arranged, though the coins of the two latter classes
must, I think, be regarded as the most recent.

Taking the weight alone of the small silver coins into
consideration, it would appear that they were to be current
as three to the denarius; but taking into account the
diflferent degrees of fineness of the silver of which the
Roman denarii and the British coins were composed, this
can hardly have been the case in reality, so that we cannot
from this discovery determine the relation, if any, which
subsisted between the Roman and British coinage. It is
also impossible to say what were at that time the relative
values of gold and silver, if the metals of which these coins
are composed are worthy of those names rather than of
pinchbeck and Britannia metal.

But though there is so much left for future discovery,
and much in connection with the ancient British coinage
that in all probability never will be accurately ascertained,
yet it will be found, on reviewing the main features of the
hoard I have been describing, that the new facts, for which
we are indebted to it, are neither few nor unimportant. In
addition to one or two hitherto unpublished types of unin-
scribed silver coins, we have those with the entirely new
legend SVEI, the verification of the legend ANTED on
the silver coins, and the completion of the name of ANTE-

BHITISH COINS FOUND AT N UN NEY NEAR. FROM E. IWO.

ENGLISH AND ANGLO-GALLIC COINS. 17

DRIGVS on those in gold. But beyond all this, there
is the association of all these coins together, proving that
they belong to the same district, if not indeed to the same
tribe, and showing the same simultaneous currency of
inscribed and uninscribed coins together in the west of
England, which had already been remarked of the coins
of the Iceni in the east ; and, farther still, we have the
fact established of the native British coinage having sur-
vived till, at all events, some years after the accession of
Claudius, not only among the Brigantes and Iceni, as had
hitherto been conjectured, but also among one of the
tribes of the west of England, and that possibly the long
sought for Cangi.

John Evans.

II.

UNPUBLISHED ENGLISH AND ANGLO-GALLIC
COINS.

By the Rev. Henry Christmas, M.A., F.R.S., F.S.A,

[In a Letter to C. Roach Smith, Esq., F.S.A.]

My dear Sir,

It has often occurred to me that if collectors of
coins would from time to time take notes of the pecu-
liarities of such as may fall into their hands, and when
these have arrived at a certain bulk, communicate them
to the archaeological world, they would be doing no incon-
siderable service to numismatic science.

I acted some years ago in this way, and, under the
title of ''^^ Numismatic Scraps,^^ furnished a few such

VOL. I. N.S. D

18 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

notes. I now venture to trouble you with a more exten-
sive series.

They comprise, as you will see, varieties of type and
mint-mark from the period of the Heptarchy to that of
William III. Some of the lacunae thus filled up have
been long looked upon as hopelessly blank — others are of
trifling importance; but all will have their value when
a new edition of Mr. Hawkins^ excellent work on ^^ The
Silver Coins of England ^^ shall be called for.

I trust that none of my remarks will be understood as
derogatory to that book, the very faults of which add to
its value, as they tend to show how scrupulous has been
the care with which it has been compiled. A writer on
coias, such as Mr. Hawkins, somewhat sceptical as to
pieces which he has not seen, not prone to place reliance
on any evidence save that of his own eyes, and disinclined
to theorize, is of all others the one most fitted for the
task which he undertook; and to add to his lists a far
greater number of unpublished coins than I am able to
do, would be no reproach to the diligence and research
exhibited in that invaluable manual.

I might have extended this letter had I desired to
notice American and colonial coins and tokens ; but
these fall rather out of my province ; nor should I have
touched on the Anglo- Gallic series, had it not been for
the extreme interest attaching to the coins of Henry,
Earl of Lancaster, of which I became the possessor by
a fortunate accident.

As years pass, new types will occasionally occur, new
mint-marks, dates, and other peculiarities will be observed,
but this will take place less frequently. Vast quantities
of worn coins are constantly committed to the crucible ;
collectors, at least in this country, are becoming* more and

ENGLISH AND ANGLO-GALLIC COINS. 19

more fastidious as to the preservation of those which they
place in their cabinets, and a coin which merely exhibits
a different date or a different mint-mark from those already
known, is rarely on that account alone thought worthy
of retention. On this ground, such a record as I here
offer may have its value; some of the trifles it notices
may never occur again, and at all events they should be
^' made a note of."

No. 1. — The first coin which I shall mention is one of
Coenwlf, so far as I can find, unpublished ; it is in very
fine condition, and weighs 21 grs.

06v.— An extremely rude head. COENWLF REX. CD.

Rev, — A circle inclosing a pellet. From four points in the
circumference of the inner circle straight lines
are drawn to the circumference of the coin, thus
dividing the space appropriated to the legend
into four parts. DO . D . E . L.

There is a moneyer of Offa, named OEDELRES. He
may possibly be the same as the artist who engraved this
coin. Several coins occur with well-known Saxon names
of money ers with the additional letters RES.

This coin gives a new moneyer as well as a new type to
Coenwlf, unless DODEL, given by Mr. Lindsay, be the
same. I think, however, that the name is ODELD, for
the reason given above, and because the letters are dif-
ferent — D and b.

No. 2. — The next coin is one of Eric of Northumbria, —
at least I see every reason to assign it to that prtnce. It
was presented to me, in the year 1858, by William Gibbs,
Esq., of Faversham, Kent, and it was found with several
others— EADWIG, EADGAR, and EADRED— all of
which were presented to me at the same time.

20 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

The coin is in good preservation, and weighs 18 grs.

06v.— A small cross. ERNOBAEREX.

•ENRO-
Eev. — In two lines, with three crosses between + + +

•aiHNa*

This reverse is, I suppose, blundered ; but I read the
obverse, ER(/C) . l!^0{RTHVM)B{RI)AE . REX. There
is no blunder and no abbreviations but such as are highly
probable. The silver is considerably alloyed.

No. 3. — Another coin has since fallen into my hands,
which may possibly belong to Eric. It reads : —

Obv.^EREl . IHOi^n. • "ilRI. In three Hnes.
i?ei;.— Ell-f I . o% -h . o^^o . UiSl^. In three Unes.

This coin weighs 22 i grs., is of fine silver, and well
preserved.

No. 4. — The next coin is a penny of St. Eadmund — an
ecclesiajstical coin, only remarkable for the excellence of
the work, and for its bearing the title of martyr as well
as king. It weighs 20| grs.

Obv.—^BCE . EADMVNDE . REX . MAR.
i?ct;.— H- DECEMVND . MONETA.

No. 5. — A penny of Eadgar, struck at St. Edmunds-
bury.

Obv.—A rosette. EADGAR . REX.
Eev,^A rosette. ZIC . EADMONIT.
No. 6.

Obv. — Harold II., without sceptre.

7?et;.— Retrograde. WVLFWVRD . ON . DO.

No. 7. — A London penny of Henry I. Moneyer
ESTMVND. (type Hk. 255.)

ENGLISH AND ANGLO-GALLIC COINS. 21

No. 8. — York halfpenny of Edward I. Mr. Hawkins
states that he had not seen this coin. I believe there is
now one in the British Museum.

No. 9. — York penny of Henry IV., weighing fiill
18grs.

No. 10. — London Ught penny of Henry IV. Roman
N on reverse, no other peculiarity.

Nos. 11-18. — These are unpublished varieties of the
light groats of Henry VI. Those reading HENRICV
have been the only instances, with one exception, hitherto
noticed; but there are many which bear the common
reading, HENRIC. I have the undermentioned : —

LONDON. HERIOV. Differing in no other respect.

HENRIC*. MM. a cross pat^e.

HENRIC.+. Lis after DEVM.

HENRICV*. MM. Ohv, Cross. Rev. Lis.

EBORACI. HENRIC. Differing in no other respect.

BRISTOW. HENRICV*. MM. Cross, Ohv. and Rev,

MM. Ohv. Trefoil. Rev, Cross.

We come next to —

Coins op Edward IV.
Nos. 19-32. — Of these I have some unnoticed groats.

No. 19.

MM. Rose. Small annulet on each side of the head.
Weight 60 grs.

No. 20.

MM. Cross. Differs from that described by Hawkins in
having no dots beside the crown, and no lis on
the breast. Weight 59J grs.

No. 21.

MM. Rose. Like the first described by Hawkins, but
having no annulet before legend. Weight
60 grs.

22 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

No. 22.

A Hght groat. MM. Rose. Reads DEI GRATIA.
Weight 44 grs.

This was shown to me by Mr. Lincohi, dealer in coins.

It belongs to a collector in the country.

Half Groats. In Mr. Loscombe^s collection was one of
Coventry.

7^61;.— CIVITAS COVETRE.
No. 23.

York. MM. Sun.

No. 24.
London. MM. Cross passing through a circle, somewhat
resembhng the cross of Malta )^, Weight
20 grs.

. It is of much better workmanship than the generality of
the coins of this prince. Very fine in preservation.

No. 25. — Penny of the same workmanship. Very fine.
MM. Rose. Weight 10 grs.

Pennies.
No. 26.

London. First coinage ; much cHpped ; must have lost at
least 3 grs. Now weighs 12 grs.

No. 27.

MM. Cross. Reads DEI GRA.

This coin is struck on a larger piece than the pennies

of the second, or lighter coinage.^

No. 28.

York. Very fine condition, but no quatrefoil on reverse.
Weight 12 grs.

* It seems to have been a usual thing with clippers to cut
the heavier coinages down to the weight of the lighter.

ENGLISH AND ANGLO-GALLIC COINS. 23

No. 29. — I have a London penny, with the quatrefoil,

which seems to bear the name of Richard.

MM. Cross. Weight S^grs.

No. 30.

A much clipped penny of York, without the qaatrefoil (of
Edward IV.). Must be the first coinage, as in its
clipped state it weighs 11 J grs.

No. 31.

Halfpenny. Durham. Lis on each side the head.
No. 32.

Farthing. London. EDWARD . REX . ANGLI.

i?ei;.-CIVITAS . LONDON. Weight 3* grs.

This coin, from its weight, is probably of the first, or
heavy coinage. It is in fine condition.

Coins of Richard III.
No. 33.

Penny. York. MM. Lis.

I have noticed a London coin which seems to read
Richard, but it is uncertain and blundered, perhaps
a contemporaneous forgery. It is only remarkable as
bearing in the centre of the reverse a quatrefoil.

Coins of Henry VII.

Open Crown Groats. In addition to those mentioned

by Hawkins.

No. 34.

MM. Rose. Rose on neck. Small cross at each side of
neck.

No. 35.

MM. Rose. Rose on breast.

24 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

No. 36.
No MMv on the obverse.
Rev. — MM. Small cross. Small cross at sides of neck.

No. 37. —I have also a side-faced groat of very curious
workmanship, which belongs either to this king or to his
successor. MM. Rose. Weight 31 grs. It has not lost
much by wear or clipping.

Ohv.—IvElOmG J7II 5^ DE 4- 6 + R + A6LIE g 5! S
FRA+/

i?cv.— POSVI . "DEVM . ADIV'tOREM >^ MEVM.

It is in fair preservation, but the features have been a
little rubbed, so as to make it impossible to tell whether
the portrait be of Henry YII. or his son. The numerals
read ^11.

The M . E . I . V. are particularly Roman, and very
different from those usually seen on the groats of either
Henry VII. or Henry VIII. The G is 6, and the D is D.
The A is neither Roman nor Saxon. It is not A nor S ;
but A. The N is the old English D. The first letter of
the king^s name is K.

Coins of Edward VI.

The base side-faced hali^enny of Edward VI. is now
known. There are four specimens in well-known cabinets,
three of which were in my own, and one remains there
still.

There are two varieties — one of London and one of
Bristol.

No. 38. — That of London is very base. It reads —

Ohv.—E . 6 . D. G. ROSA . SINE SPINA.

i?ci;. -CI VITAS . LONDON. Cross and pellets. All
Roman letters.

ENGLISH AND ANGLO-GALLIC COINS. 25

No. 39. — That of Bristol, same type, but old English
letters. The London coin is unique. It was in my cabinet,
and was transferred by me to that of Mr. Bergne, F.S.A.
It is in poor preservation. Of the Bristol coin there are
three specimens, one very fine, in my own cabinet ; one
not quite so fine, transferred by me to the cabinet of
Captain Murchison; and a third, in the possession of
Mr. J. Evans, F.S.A. That in my possession seems to be
of tolerably good silver. Its weight is 5 J grs.

Coins of Maey.

No. 40. — Of Mary^s penny, before her marriage, I have
an extremely fine specimen. The reading is somewhat
difierent from that of any yet published.

06i;.— The Queen's bust. MM. Lis. MAR. D . G.
ROSA . SINE . SPINA.

i?ct;.— Arms. CIVITAS . LONDON.
Those hitherto known read M . D . G., &c. &c.

Coins of Elizabeth.

It has long been a theory of mine, that from a.d. 1561
to A.D. 1582 there were struck in each year all the divi-
sions of the sixpence, as well as the sixpence itself, viz.,
the 3rf., the l^d. piece, and the ^d. piece. I have there-
fore carefully watched for the occurrence of such pieces,
and have been fortunate enough to find the following not
mentioned by Hawkins : —

Nos. 40 to 68.

3J., or quarter shilling. Pheon. 1563.

Lion. 1566.

Do. 1567.

Coronet; 1570.

VOL. I. N.S. E

26 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

3<i., or quarter shilling.
Three -halfpenny pieces.

Ermine.

1573.

Acorn.

1674.

Cinquefoil.

1577.

Coronet.

1567.

Castle.

1570.

Acorn.

1574.

Cinquefoil.

1577.

Cross.

1581.

Sword.

1582.

Ermine.

1572.

Cross.

1581.

Three-farthing pieces.

Of the sixpences I have a variety of the Pheon, 1561,
with a larger shield than usual.

Key. 1596. No MM. on reverse.
Cinquefoil. 1573.

Of half-groats I have found MM. lion, castle, anchor.
Of Pennies: rose, portcullis, castle, ermine, cinquefoil.
Hal^enny: crescent.

I have noticed that coins of the year 1571, MM. ermine,
have the date generally altered to 1572, and are rare.
Those with MM. cross, and date 1577, have the date
generally altered to 1578, and are also rare. I have not
found the smaller pieces with these dates and MM.

No. 68. — I have also the milled shilling with the
MM. martlet. It is not fine, but has not hitherto been
noticed. 1 presume mine to be unique.

Coins of James I. 1603—1625.

In addition to those tabulated by Mr. Hawkins, I have
in my cabinet : —

No. 69.

Crown MM. Grapes.

No. 70.

— — Hose.

ENGLISH AND ANOLO-OALLIC COINS.

No. 71,

Crown

MM.

Scallop.

No. 72.

—

Lis. Arms surmounted by a plume.

No. 73.

Half-crown.

—

Bose.

No. 74.

Shilling.

—

Cross.

No. 75.

Sixpence.

—

Scallop. 1607. Noticed by Hawki
on Snelling's authority.

No. 76.

Half-groat.

—

Coronet.

Nos. n, 78.

Penny.

—

Coronet. Key.

Nos. 79—81.

Halfpenny.

—

Bell, mullet, cinquefoil.

I would observe, that Mr. Hawkins seems to me unne-
cessarily to doubt the correctness of Snelling; so much
80, indeed, as frequently to query the existence of coins
which he had not seen himself, but which he found pub-
lished by Snelling. I have, in almost all these cases,
found the coins themselves.

Coins of Charles I. 1625 — 1648.

No. 82. — Twenty-shilling piece. Described by Mr.
Hawkins on p. 167, No. iv. ; but the description altered
from SneUing. Mr. Hawkins had never seen the coin,
and imagined that Snelling was mistaken. I have the
coin, and find Snelling^s description perfectly correct.

20 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

The coin is in good preservation, and weighs 18 grs.

Obv.—A small cross. EKNOBAEREX.

•ENRO-
Eev. — In two lines, with three crosses between + + +

This reverse is, I suppose, blundered ; but I read the
obverse, EIl(/C) . ^0{RTHVM)B{RI)AE . REX. There
is no blunder and no abbreviations but such as are highly
probable. The silver is considerably alloyed.

No. 3. — Another coin has since fallen into my hands,
which may possibly belong to Eric. It reads : —

Ohv.—EREI . IHa^a • "IIRIl. In three Hnes.
i?ei;.— Ell-fl . o^t 4- . o^t . Diiia. In three lines.

This coin weighs 22^ grs., is of fine silver, and well
preserved.

Obv,— + BCE . EADMVNDE . REX . MAR.
i?ci;.— H-DECEMVND . MONETA.

No. 5. — A penny of Eadgar, struck at St. Edmunds-
bury.

05v.— A rosette. EADGAR . REX.
Rev.^K rosette. ZIC . EADMONIT.
No. 6.

Ohv, — Harold II., without sceptre.

7?ei;.— Retrograde. WVLFWVRD . ON . DO.

No. 7. — A London penny of Henry I. Moneyer
ESTMVND. (type Hk. 255.)

ENGLISH AND ANGLO-GALLIC COINS. 21

No. 8. — York halfpenny of Edward I. Mr. Hawkins
states that he had not seen this coin. I believe there is
now one in the British Museum.

No. 9. — York penny of Henry IV., weighing fiill
18grs.

No. 10. — London light penny of Henry IV. Roman
N on reverse, no other peculiarity.

Nos. 11-18. — These axe impublished varieties of the
light groats of Henry VI. Those reading HENRICV
have been the only instances, with one exception, hitherto
noticed; but there are many which bear the common
reading, HENRIC. I have the imdermentioned : —

LONDON. HERIOV. Differing in no other respect.

HENRIC*. MM. a cross pat^e.

HENRIC.+. Lis after DEVM.

HENRIOV*. MM. Ohv, Cross. Rev, Lis.

EBORACI. HENRIC. Differing in no other respect.

BRISTOW. HENRICV. MM. Cross, Ohv. and Rev.

MM. Ohv, Trefoil. Rev. Cross.

We come next to —

Coins op Edward IV.
Nos. 19-32. — Of these I have some unnoticed groats.

No. 19.

MM. Rose. Small annulet on each side of the head.
Weight 60 grs.

No. 20.

MM. Cross. Differs from that described by Hawkins in
having no dots beside the crown, and no lis on
the breast. Weight 59J grs.

No. 21.

MM. Rose. Like the first described by Hawkins, but
having no annulet before legend. Weight
60 grs.

22 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

No. 22.

A Hght groat. MM. Rose. Reads DEI GRATIA.
Weight 44 grs.

This was shown to me by Mr. Lincohi, dealer in coins.

It belongs to a collector in the country.

Half Groats. In Mr. Loscombe's collection was one of
Coventry.

T^et;.— CIVITAS COVETRE.
No. 23.

York. MM. Sun.

No. 24.

London. MM. Cross passing through a circle, somewhat
resembling the cross of Malta ^^. Weight
20 grs.

. It is of much better workmanship than the generality of
the coins of this prince. Very fine in preservation.

No. 25. — Penny of the same workmanship. Very fine.
MM. Rose. Weight 10 grs.

Pennies.
No. 26.

London. First coinage ; much clipped ; must have lost at
least 3 grs. Now weighs 12 grs.

No. 27.

MM. Cross. Reads DEI GRA.

This coin is struck on a larger piece than the pennies

of the second, or lighter coinage.^

No. 28.

York. Very fine condition, but no quatrefoil on reverse.
Weight 12 grs.

* It seems to have been a usual thing with clippers to cut
the heavier coinages down to the weight of the lighter.

ENGLISH AND ANGLO-GALLIC COINS. 23

No. 29. — I have a London penny, with the quatrefoil,

which seems to bear the name of Richard.

MM. Cross. WeightSJgrs.

No. 30.

A much clipped penny of York, without the quatrefoil (of
Edward IV.). Must be the first coinage, as in its
clipped state it weighs 11^ grs.

No. 31.

Halfpenny. Durham. Lis on each side the head.
No. 32.

Farthing. London. EDWARD . REX . ANGLI.

iecv.-OIVITAS . LONDON. Weight 34 grs.

This coin, from its weight, is probably of the first, or
heavy coinage. It is in fine condition.

Coins of Richard III.

No. 33.
Penny. York. MM. Lis.

Coins of Henry VII.

Open Crown Groats. In addition to those mentioned

by Hawkins.

No. 34.

MM. Rose. Rose on neck. Small cross at each side of
neck.

No. 35.
MM. Rose. Rose on breast.

24 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLK.

No. 36.

No MM. on the obverse.

Rev. — MM. Small cross. Small cross at sides of neck.

No. 37. —I have also a side-faced groat of very curious
workmanship, which belongs either to this king or to his
successor. MM. Rose. Weight 31 grs. It has not lost
much by wear or clipping.

06i;.— FlEDRIO ^11 5 DE + 6 + R + A6LIE g S! JJ
FRAV

i?ev.— POSVI . "DEVM . ADIV'fOREM ^ MEVM.

It is in fair preservation, but the features have been a
little rubbed, so as to make it impossible to tell whether
the portrait be of Henry VII. or his son. The numerals
read °SriI.

The M . E . I . V. are particularly Roman, and very
different from those usually seen on the groats of either
Henry VII. or Henry VIII. The G is 6, and the D is T).
The A is neither Roman nor Saxon. It is not A nor K ;
but A. The N is the old English D. The first letter of
the king^s name is K.

Coins of Edward VI.

The base side-faced hali^enny of Edward VI. is now
known. There are four specimens in well-known cabinets,
three of which were in my own, and one remains there
still.

There are two varieties — one of London and one of
Bristol.

No. 38. — That of London is very base. It reads —

Ohv.^E . 6 . D. G. ROSA . SINE SPINA.

Rev.-^CIYITAS . LONDON. Cross and peUets. All
Roman letters.

ENGLISH AND ANGLO-GALLIC COINS. 25

Coins of Mary.

No. 40. — Of Mary's penny, before her marriage, I have
an extremely fine specimen. The reading is somewhat
different from that of any yet published.

06r.— The Queen's bust. MM. Lis. MAR. D . G.
ROSA . SINE . SPINA.

i?ei;.— Arms. CIVITAS . LONDON.
Those hitherto known read M . D . G., &c. &c.

Coins of Elizabeth.

It has long been a theory of mine, that from a.d. 1561
to A.D. 1582 there were struck in each year all the divi-
sions of the sixpence, as well as the sixpence itself, viz.,
the 3d,, the l^d. piece, and the frf. piece. I have there-
fore carefully watched for the occurrence of such pieces,
and have been fortunate enough to find the following not
mentioned by Hawkins : —

Nos. 40 to 68.

3J., or quarter shilling. Pheon. 1563.

Lion. 1566.

Do. 1567.

Coronet; 1570.

VOL. I. N.S. E

III.

JETTON OF PEKKIN WARBECK.^

In the ^^ Revue Numismatique " for the months of Sep-
tember and October of last year, there appears an
interesting notice by M. A. de Longperier, in which he
publishes, among other jettons, or counters, of Toumay,
one bearing the name of Perkin Warbeck — ^that interest-
ing and mysterious historical personage. As far as
it relates to this pretender, we propose to give a brief
transcript of this article for the benefit of our English
readers, to many of whom the ^^ Revue" may be inac-
cessible, inasmuch as anything relating to Perkin cannot
fail to be interesting on this side the Channel.
This jetton is as follows : —

Ohv.— + VIVE PERKIN lETOIS DE TOURNAI,

round a cross ending in fleurs de lis, with four
branches of rose-trees — one round each arm, end-
ing in roses in each of its quarters.

Rev.-^O MATER DEI MEMENTO MEL MM. A

tower. (The Arms of Tournai) — Three circles,
each containing a rose with four petals ; between
the three circles, three fleurs de lis ; above each,
an arched compartment.

* Perkin Werbecque, par Adrien de Lougperier. — *' Revue
Numismatique," Nouvelle Serie, tome vi. p. 384.

JETTON OF FERKIN WARBECK. 33

M. de Longperier publishes another jetton, very similar
in detail to this one, but reading VIVE LE ROI instead
of VIVE PERKIN. This, he suggests, was struck on
the occasion of the entrance of Louis XI. into Toumay,
A.D. 1478.* And he points out the curious fact resulting
from a comparison of the two pieces, that the name of
Perkin is treated with the same honour on the one, as
that of the king of France on the other.

He then enters, with considerable research, on Perkin
in his historical aspect. The name Warbeck, it appears,
is spelt ^^Warbeck," Werbeck, Werbeque, Werbecque,
Waerbeck, and Waarbeck, by different authorities. In his
own confession, according to Hall, Perkin's father is
called John Osbeck, and, lastly, in the Register of the
Irish Commons, 1497, March 28, he is called Parkyn
Wosebeck. Perkin is a diminutive of Peter. The general
outlines of his story are too well known to require repeti-
tion here. I shall merely content myself with abstracting
the more novel points brought in prominence in M. de
Longperier's notice.

It appears that Margaret, Duchess Dowager of Bur-
gundy, the widow of Charles the Bold, and the sister of
our Edward IV., was continually hatching all the plots
in her power against Henry VII. and his peaceful pos-
session of the throne. The attempts of Lambert Simnel
had preceded by some five years the first appearance of
Perkin at Cork, in 1492; and although it was not till
after this that the Duchess of Burgundy aflfected to
recognise him, and to be impressed by an overpowering

« There is a variety of this reading VIVE LE ROI, but
T^dthout the rest of the obverse inscription, in the British
Museum. It has a remarkable mint-mark of three masks, or
heads. Its reverse reads NOMEN SIT NOMEN.

VOL. I. N.S. F

31 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

conviction of the truth of his claim, yet we may suspect
her of having originated the whole attempt from its
beginning, and having chosen for her tool some reputed
natural son of Edward IV., or, at all events, some one
with an accidental likeness to the ill-fated Richard, Duke
of York, who perished in the Tower. The value of the
piece described above, as M. de Longperier observes, con-
sists in its being an historical document and record for
ever of the then prevailing belief in the Toumay origin of
this semi-mythical personage. Yet although of Toumay,
Perkin must, from the fact of his perfect knowledge of
our language, which is on record also, have had either one
English parent, or at least have resided in this country for
some considerable time. The account of his parentage,
as given by himself in his public confession, does not seem
altogether conclusive, and appears somewhat too circum-
stantial. Besides, such an utterly worthless and pusilla-
nimous character as he seems to have been, would probably
under severe pressure confess anything required of him.

M. de Longperier goes on to remark, that the absence
of his royal name (Richard IV.) on the piece described
above has caused great surprise to English antiquaries ;
but he suggests that Perkin was too well known in
Toumay to dare to assume it; that he there received
all the more favoui*, as an expedition against the enemy of
the Plantagenets and of the Duchess Margaret was sure
to be a popular one ; and that we must not be surprised to
find the legend VIVE PERKIN on a jetton of Toumay,
because the countrymen of the young pretender could
sympathise with his enterprises without on that account
being taken in on the subject of his identity. Now,
well known in Toumay, Perkin must have been, if we
are to believe liis confession, which describes his father

JETTON OP FEBKIN WARBECK. 35

and his maternal grandfather as persons, from their offices,
likely to have been very generally known in their town
and district. Yet, on this supposition, it seems a wilful
and shameless piece of perversity in the Duchess Dowager
to have assigned thirty guards of honour to a person
whose parentage was so notorious ; and a no less singular
want of skill on her part in not selecting for her tool one
whose birth was a subject of greater mystery. But no
doubt it was a mystery at that time to a certain extent,
and it is one tenfold more at the present time, and though
his countrymen were not shy of calling him by his unregal
appellation (which M. de Longperier disagrees with Hall
in thinking implied any idea of contempt, but gives as a
diminutive merely), yet the Duchess is apparently more
modest than they are on the piece which she is supposed
to have struck for him just before his attempt upon Deal;
and as she seems to have been in considerable difficulty
how to style him, the result was the emission of that
well-known but anonymous coin, with its quaint, and,
under the circumstances, excessively impudent threat of
vengeance, audaciously borrowed from the Book of Daniel
and the banqueting hall of Belshazzar. It is perhaps not
wholly iminteresting to remark, in conclusion, that in our
present Bible version the denunciation reads ^^MENE
TEKEL PERES /^ but in Wycliffe's translation from
the Vulgate we find ^^MANE TECHEL PHARES,'^
the exact lettering of the coin, if we change the final
E of '' MANE'' into " MANI." This piece has been so
frequently described, that it seems superfluous to do so
here; the best accoimt of many is to be found in Mr.
Hawkins's Catalogue of the Anglo- Gallic coins in the
British Museum.

J. L. W. '

IV.
SILVER COIN OF CARAUSIUS.

The Numismatic Society is indebted to the kindness of
the Earl of Verulam for the exhibition of a remarkably
fine and well-spread silver coin of Carausius, lately dis-
covered upon the site of the ancient city of Verulam.
In the woodcut above is given a representation of this
coin, which may be thus described : —

06t;.— IMP. CARAVSIVS P. F. AVG. Draped and
laureated bust of the emperor, to the right.

Rev. — CONSER. AVG. Neptune represented as an old
man, seated upon a large shell, his body naked,
but his lower extremities draped, with his right
hand holding out an anchor, and with his left
leaning upon a trident. In the exergue R. 8. R.

This type, though not unpublished, is of extreme rarity,
so much so as not to be noticed in the catalogue of the
coins of Carausius given by Akerman in his Coins of the
Romans relating to Britain. It is, however, engraved by
Stukeley, pi. xxx. 7, and in the Monumenta Historica
Britannica, pi. v. 12, from a coin in the Hunter Collection
at Glasgow. A very similar type is also known in copi>er,
and may be seen in Stukeley, pi. xiii. 9, and Mon. Hist.
Brit., pi. vi. 31, where it is engraved from a coin in the
possession of Mr. C. Roach Smith.

SILVER COIN OF CARAUSIUS. 37

There is something singularly appropriate in represent-
ing Neptune as the Conservator Augusti on the coins
of one who owed first his elevation to the rank of High
Admiral of the Roman fleets and^ next^ his successful
usurpation of the imperial power in Britain, entirely to his
naval skill. The ocean god is certainly as much in his
place on the coins of Carausius, as he was on the coins of
Agrippa three hundred years before. We accordingly find
him on some of his other coins as COMES AVG., but
on these he is standing, and not seated.

The representation of Neptune on the coin now under
consideration is singular in many respects. The attitude,
the drapery, the seat, and the anchor are all imusual. I
have described the seat as being formed of a large shell,
but I cannot speak with confidence on this point. It cer-
tainly has the appearance of a large whelk, with its point
in the direction of the feet of the figure, and placed within
a valve of another shell ; and yet it may be a rock, though
there seems too much method about it for that; nor,
though not altogether unlike it in shape, can it well be the
prow of a ship, which might not unnaturally be expected
in such a position. The anchor is an attribute of Neptune^s
very rarely found upon coins; in fact, besides these of
Carausius, I am not aware of any other Roman coins on
which Neptune appears holding an anchor, except the
denarii of Hadrian,* on which he reclines leaning on a
dolphin, and holding an anchor in his right hand, but
without the trident. The exergual letters R. S. R. pos-
sibly point out Rutupium as the place of mintage of this
coin, which is altogether an elegant and pleasing specimen
of the medallic art of the period. J. E.

> Cohen, ii. 394.

MODERN ART AND THE NEW BRONZE COINAGE.

Without entering on the old question of '' Britt./' or
"Brit./^ with regard to which a paroxysm of popular
ignorance appears to recur once in every ten years or so ;
or inquiring too curiously into the chances of extensive
and indetectable forgery of coin which can be minted of
genuine metal at a large profit, I would venture to say a
few words on the new so-called bronze coinage from a
purely artistic point of view, believing that as works of
art the new coins have not received by any means so
much public attention as they deserve.

The first feeling that must strike almost every observer
on seeing the three new substitutes for our old-fashioned,
dirty, and not inodorous ^^ coppers," will, I am afraid,
be one of decided disappointment, which will not be at all
relieved by a subsequent and more careful examination.
Scrutiny, indeed, only serves to make their artistic defects
more palpable ; and their whole design is so manifestly in-
ferior to that of the earlier issues, that we can hardly believe
it to have been the work of the distinguished engraver
whose initials we find, or think we find, on the coins.

Of course the greater hardness of the metal, which
necessitates a lower relief in the coin, and almost pre-
cludes the possibility of obtaining a perfect impression of
the die, is answerable for many of the shortcomings of
the new issue. Out of the five new pennies, for instance,
now before us, all of them selected as better than average
impressions, one only shows any trace of initials under

MODERN ART AND THE NEW BRONZE COINAGE. 39

the shield of Britannia, and even in that one, we can only
be certain that one of the letters is a W. The entire sur-
face, moreover, on both obverse and reverse, is seamed and
flawed in all directions by imperfections and cracks in the
dies, while portions of every coin are more or less imper-
fectly, and even doubly, struck. In nearly all of the
coins, also, a raised line following the outline of the head
on the obverse is more or less distinctly visible on the
reverse, suggesting a remarkable mechanical problem,
which may possibly be found easy of solution when all
the phenomena of "double-striking^^ have been satisfac-
torily explained. Low relief, however, and imperfect
impression are in no way responsible for the graver
faults in design and drawing, which unfortunately are
so many and so palpable, — though the bronze coinage
of Napoleon III., of which ours is an attempted copy,
prove that low relief and hardness of metal are not
entirely incompatible with boldness of design and sharp-
ness in execution. No doubt the bronzing which will
arrive with age and use will much improve the appearance
of our now too glittering pence and hal^ence, by adding
greater distinctness of outline, but this will also render
the defects of the design and composition more con-
spicuous. It is to these that I would now call attention.
Let us first take the obverse into consideration.
Whether for coins in low relief, a "couped^* bust is
preferable to one continued to the outer margin of the
coin may be an open question when the metal of which
the coin is composed is of such malleable nature as to
admit of so large a surface being brought into perfect
relief without endangering the dies; but in the present
instance the widespread bust is, we believe, at the root
of most of the defects in the striking of the coins; and

40 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

were it not so, if the ^^ continuation ^^ is to be covered
mth such feeble and commonplace allegorical drapery as
it is in the present coins, there can be no doubt whatever
which is the more artistic. It is really remarkable how
much the appearance of the coin is improved when this
portion of it is covered. This improvement, however, is not
entirely due to the drapery being out of sight. Covering
the drapery hides the singularly ungraceful line of the
shoulder, and destroys the unpleasant similarity of outline
in back and front, which the ribbon breaking the line of
the nape of the neck is intended to disguise, but cannot.

It is this similarity and eg[uality of the several portions
of the design which is one of its gravest faults. If a line
were drawn across the neck, the head and the portion of
the bust shown would be as nearly equal in bulk as the
halves of an hour-glass, while a line drawn vertically down
from the top of the head would also divide the bust into
almost as equal halves. There is, in fact, throughout a
most inartistic balance of equality, instead of an artistic
balance of proportionate diversity of parts.

As a likeness, the head is inferior to that of any former
copper issues. The line in front of the eye extends con-
siderably too low, and as one fault always begets another,
the upper line of the wing of the nostril is dispropor-
tionately depressed.

The shape of the head is also very incorrect, more
particularly in the upper portion of the forehead, while
the curves of the hair at the back of the head are
peculiarly unpleasing in shape, as well as wretchedly
executed. The likeness on aU the coins is bad ; but that
on the halfpenny is the best, and that on the penny the
worst of the three.

On the reverse we are again met by the same dis-

MODERN ART AND THE NEW BRONZE COINAGE. 41

cordantly symmetrical arrangement as on the obverse, in
the introduction of a ship and a lighthouse of exactly
equal bulk, one on each side of the principal figure, which
precisely balance each other, and set all rules of compo-
sition at defiance. But what shall we say of the principal
figure itself? We are accustomed to ridiculously small
heads in our representation of Britannia, but in this case
it really appears that the minimum has been attained at
last. Allowing the largest possible development for the
covered portion of the head, the figure cannot be less than
ten heads high, and, unless the head be of a very pecu-
liar shape, considerably more. The length of the face is
hardly, if at all, greater than the width of the arm near the
shoulder, or the length of the back of the hand without the
fingers, while the neck is precisely of the same thickness as
the upper arm. The attempt to make up in helmet what
is wanting in head, merely serves to make the deficiency
more signal, and even the shape of the helmet itself is
conspicuously ungraceful.

Altogether, on both obverse and reverse, the design is
feebler and the work less satisfactory than in any former
coin of the reign; nor can it be allowed that the defects
and demerits of the new coin are in any way compensated
for by the affectation of 18th century capitals in the
legend. After such long delays in the execution of the
dies, a more satisfactory result was not unreasonably to
be anticipated ; and we only express the universal feeling
of those who have hitherto taken a pride and pleasure
in the artistic excellence of the coins issued from the
English Mint, when we enter a protest, though now
unfortunately too late, against the New Bronze Coinage
as a sample of our taste and ability in this important
branch of National Art. S. E,

VOL. I. N.S. G

VI.

ON SOME COINS OF CONSTANS II. AND HIS SONS,
DISCOVERED IN THE ISLAND OF CYPRUS.

On my return from the East in September^ 1858, I made
the acquisition at Athens of a mass of 512 coins, then
lately discovered in the Island of Cyprus. The bizarre
character and the rarity of nearly all the types attracted
me towards the investment ; and I hoped that such a find
as this might throw some little light upon a very obscure
period of numismatic history, or at least, when catalogued
and put on record, afford valuable data in aid of future
investigation.

To commence, all these coins, without, I believe, one
exception, are countermarked with the monogram of
Constans II. thus, ^ or (^. This is stamped into the
coin, with a little round field of its own, indented in every
conceivable position on the obverse or reverse. We have
every reason to believe that this was done when the piece
was struck : it is generally plain and legible enough, and
on the smaller types occupies a large portion of the coin,
to the utter mutilation of the eflBgies or legend. Even in
those comparatively rare cases where the whole of the
countermark does not appear, some traces of it are easily
discernible on closer investigation. I have, therefore,
omitted to represent it in the plate, but on every coin of
this find its presence is to be imderstood.

One and all these 512 coins are of a rich red copper
hue, now and then coated with verdigris, but seldom

-yum, Chron. N.B., Vol. I, Pt. II.

BYZANTINE COINS FOUND AT CYPRUS, 1858,

i. LEICESTER WARREN.

COINS OF CONSTANS II. AND HIS SONS. 43

blackened. Thus they are easily distinguishable when
incorporated with others in a collection, and the 137 coins
of this find now in the British Museum can be recog-
nised among the trays of the same period, at first sight,
even without the aid of the ticket preceding them.

It is also noticeable that many of these coins could
never have been in circulation, but were buried fresh from
the die. Even in this state they are extremely diflScult
to decipher fix)m their generally uncouth fabric, and the
ignorance or carelessness with which they are struck.
Their shape and size also are variable in the extreme.
The workmen probably struck a number of these impres-
sions on large plates of metal, and the single coins were
then separated by shears into the quaint octagonal or
triangular forms which the awkwardness of the clipper
allowed them to assume.

Thus can we well understand that in numismatic monu-
ments of this description, it is only by the comparison
and collation of numerous specimens of each type that the
details can be satisfactorily made out.

We have in this find examples of several types in great
numbers, but it is only in one variety of the €v tovto viKa
type that we get anything like a coin of frequent occurrence
elsewhere. Some of the other varieties are now probably
published for the first time, or at all events have been
hitherto very imperfectly described from the want of
sufficient materials for the task.

With regard to the place of mintage from which this
hoard issued, we have three coins undoubtedly struck at
Cyprus (pi. ii. 2). A coin of this island, difierent in
detail, but very analogous in its general appearance, is
published by Mons. de Saulcy in his work on the Byzan-
tine Series, pi. viii. 3, and there rightly ascribed to Hera-

44 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

clius I., Heraclius Constantine, and Martina. This is
proved by a specimen originally in my possession, now in
the British Museum, where the monogram of the elder
Heraclius is perfectly clear above the large M on the
reverse. This coin has, however, no connection with the
hoard now under examination, the three Cyprus pieces of
which must be, after due consideration, attributed to Con-
stantine Pogonatus, with his two brothers, Heraclius and
Tiberius ; for the fifteenth year of Pogonatus (668 a.d.),
in which these coins are dated, is the first year of his
association with his brothers after his father^s death, which
had then just taken place ; and our last dated coin in the
present find of Constans and his three sons is of his
twenty-fifth year, or two years before his death. (See
pi. ii. 5.) Thus our hoard presents us with an interest-
ing series of dates, among which but few are wanting from
the eleventh year of Constans II. to the fifteenth of Pogo-
natus* with his brothers, or the year of their father^s
death.

Otherwise the attribution of these pieces to Heraclius I.,
Heraclius Constantine, and Martina would leave a con-
siderable gap unaccounted for, from the date of their associ-
ation until this eleventh year of Constans II. (PI. ii. 7.)

It is a remarkable fact that while endeavouring to trace
out the types of our present find, or their analogues, in
the authorities on the subject, in some cases little can be
found resembling these coins, while in others, when a
specimen somewhat similar occurs, Sicily is often sug-
gested as their place of mintage. This island was certainly
very active in coining during the reign of the elder Hera-

^ Pogonatus, of course, reckons the years of his reign from
the time of his association with Constans, his father.

COINS OF CONSTANS It. AND HIS SONS.

clius, and frequent are the examples inscribed with its
name, especially of the avavBomg types. The various im-
perial combinations, from his accession until and through-
out the epoch of this find, are also represented on products
of this mint. Nor should we be surprised if, of whatever
mintage this hoard eventually proves to be, ail inti-
mate relation were discovered to exist between it and
the monetary establishments of Sicily, somewhat analo-
gous to the transfers of mints from one place to another,
such as are found during the lower empire period.

Now on the general question as to where our hoard was
issued, we have one bit of firm ground in three of its pieces
being inscribed KYIIP, and referring themselves un-
doubtedly to Cyprus, the locality in which they were
discovered. The fact, likewise, of their discovery at this
place, and the probability of the great mass of these
pieces having never been in circulation, are also prima
facie evidence pointing to a Cyprus mintage.

Once for all I would remark, that I have no wish to
dogmatise on this point, and I am merely throwing out the
following suggestions in the hopes that some abler numis-
matist may carry them to their full extent.

We have then here a number of pieces of uncommon
type, and semi-barbaric, or, at least, ultra-provincial fabric.
In the whole mass the only letters with any apparent
reference to a mintage place are the KYIIP above quoted,
the CON in the exergue of two types (see pi. ii. 5, 14),
and the KQN2TAN reading vertically to right and left of
an €v T8T0 viKa reverse (see pi. ii. 3), — of which presently.
The fabric of the two types with CON would warrant
some hesitation in ascribing their emission to Constantine,
and we should rather suggest them to be the efiforts of
provincial mints, which have copied ignorantly, or de

46 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

industridj to ensure a wider circulation, tlie exergual mark
of the capital.

The very remarkable type giving us KQNSTAN would
seem to evidence an imusual position for Constantine, the
emperor^s name ; ' but should we incline to attribute our
hoard to Cyprus emission, these letters might also present
an ingenious expedient for a double allusion to the reign-
ing prince, and Constantia (KoivaravTcia, as it is written by
Epiphanius, in his words TroXuavS/ooTaTi/ ttoXcc), the capital
of the island and the ancient Salamis, where no doubt
their principal monetary establishment would have been ;
but in our very scanty supply of contemporaneous Cypriot
authorities, I should be unwilling to insist at present on
this attribution. Any how, Constantinople can hardly be
referred to, and the coincidence of the locality whence
these coins came, to say the least, is curious.

The absence of every other exergual mark prevalent at
this time among our hoard, increases to a certain extent
the probability of their Cyprus manufacture ; for even
should we attribute the doubtftd specimens bearing CON
to the capital, why should Constantinople and Cyprus
alone appear in our 512 pieces ? whereas, allow the types
reading CON to be provincial copies, and the want of all
foreign mints in a hoard, the great portion of which was
probably never put into circulation, is precisely what we
should be led to expect.

Yet in our endeavoured attribution of the mass of this
find to the Island of Cyprus, there is one important histo-
rical event by no means to be lost sight of. We know
that in 648 a.d. (that is the seventh year of the reign of
Constans II.) Moyawiah, the general of Othmdn, invaded

' It is hardly necessary to remind our readers that the
emperor is never written "Constans'* on his coins.

COINS OF CONSTANS II. AND HIS SONS. 47

Cyprus, which capitulated on an agreement that the
Saracen general should share the revenues with the Greek
emperor. Now it is after this event that our find was
struck, and its semi-barbarous fabric accords well with the
mixed nature of the island^s political institutions during
that period. The Greek poptdation of the country was
then probably little disturbed ; and the Saracens, always
ready to copy the coinage of their neighbours, would
interfere little with the Greek currency of the island, or
the employment of Greek workmen : thus even supposing
a nominal and tributary Saracen supremacy, the years and
titles of their ^' half-masters^^ at Byzantium might still be
recorded as before. Very superior, however, are these coins
to the common run of the so called Saracen imitations
struck at times far in the interior of their dominions, and
by chance workmen of the mint, for these pieces are seldom
legible in their dates ; yet it is a remarkable circumstance
that these very types which our catalogue describes were
among those most generally copied in the Saracen states.

The presence in our hoard of great numbers, and several,
I believe, unpublished varieties of the ev rsro viKa types,
would seem likewise to demand a few words on this sub-
ject, which is not without its difficulties and its interest, and
to the materials for the investigation of which I venture
to hope that the catalogue of this find may add its quota.

I should preface my observations by suggesting that in
most of what has been written on this subject, there seems
too great a desire to view these types as all of one epoch,
or, at least, as referring to one event.

The word avaveoaiQ, or as it would be classically
written avavewaig,^ must mean " a renewal,^' renovatiOj or

' Ducange would seem to think this word ought to be com-
pleted thus aj/ai/cdaxrtf, but surely dvav€Oi)(ns is the commoner

48 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

restauratio. When this type was supposed to have originated
with Justinian Rhinotmetus on his recall from exile, it was
then translated " return/^ from dvaveofiai, " to go back ; "
but besides the utterly overwhelming numismatic evidence
against this supposition, we may remark that such an use
of the word would be far too classical for even the Hera-
clian era; its letters, however, never read satisfactorily
farther than avaveo on any coin I have yet seen. Of the
symbol which accompanies it, when joined with a numeral,
I shall treat in the catalogue. Examples of the Sicilian
type are elsewhere engraved, and described as if the
legend went as far as avaveog ; but no specimen has been
brought under my notice sufficiently well preserved to
establish this point beyond question.

The £v T8T0 viica type as struck at Carthage is, doubtless,
the earliest of this series, and came in with the Heraclian
dynasty. The Sicilian types must have followed this
closely, and the word avaviwaig as it appears on these has,
I believe, been rightly referred to the circumstances under
which the tyranny of Focas was suppressed. There are
many legends quite as strange in Byzantine numismatics,
yet the RESTITUTOR ORBIS of Aurelian is perhaps
the most analogous expression to be found, to which we
may add the FEL. TEMP. REPARATIO of the lower
empire. Now, although the elder Heraclius first minted
these types, yet, as far as our present hoard is concerned,
in which we have about 202 of these coins, I should doubt
the existence among them of one single specimen referrible
to his reign ; I believe rather the sum total of these to
have been struck after the eleventh year of Constans II.

form ; and from the obverse, €v tovto for eV rovrtp, we learn that
the o is evidently equivalent to the <a in many instances, and in
modern Greek no distinction exists between the two letters.

COINS OP CONSTANS II. AND HIS SONS. 49

Mons. de Saulcy has justly remarked how servilely, and
with how careful an imitation of detail, Constans has
copied and reproduced alike the legends and the types of
his ancestor Heraclius. This is a fact of which whoever
tries to separate a mixed heap of the coins of these two
sovereigns must soon become painfully aware.

It is remarkable enough that in all our number above
stated we only encounter two beardless effigies, with the
additional and confirmative diflFerence of the cursive m on
the reverse in place of the usual square letter. One
other specimen occurs beardless, but slightly moustached,
to supply a link with the main number of bearded por-
traits, and prevent any idea of attributing the two above
named to the elder Heraclius. On pieces imconnected
with this hoard a decided preponderance of these tv tsto
types have beardless effigies, and a very large proportion
of these beardless portraits elsewhere are accordingly to
be assigned to the first Heraclius. Some few, like our
two, may belong to Constans, struck probably before his
eleventh year, at which period he is nearly always repre-
sented with a beard. I have never yet seen anywhere a
single bearded specimen that from its fabric could be
assigned to the elder Heraclius.

So favourite and peculiarly a Heraclian type as this
iv T«ro vifca would be copied naturally among the rest by
his imitative descendant Constans; whether the word
*' renewal" may not have acquired a secondary importance
and appropriateness from one of the crises which the
empire imderwent during the reign of Constails also,
seems not unlikely, although no positive opinion can be
maintained on this subject till a fuller history of the
reappearance of this type has been collected.

The normal and representative specimen of this type

VOL. I. N.S. H

50 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

under Constans is the ev tsto viku obverse^ conjoined to
the avavBo reverse with a numeral. But each of these
legends appear in our find disjointed from the other like-
wise. For instance, avaveo takes a fresh obverse of the
emperor^s bust and the legend INFER {sic) CONST, while
tv T8TO viKa substitutes as its obverse KQN2TAN and a
numeral in one case, and ANNO with a numeral and an
illegible exergue in the other. (See the plate jpo^^im.)

•
Catalogue of the Cyprus Find.

Constans II. alone. From a.d. 641.

No. 1.

Ohv.—mFER CONST. FuU-faced, bearded bust,
with diadem surmounted by a cross. Orb in
right hand.

Eev, — The large M ; above it a cross ; to the right,
ANA; to the left, NEO. The NEO is on
other specimens often blundered, and thus
sometimes reads like three in Roman nu-
merals (PI. ii. 12), for which it has been

often mistaken. 2

No. 2.

Obv. — Bust, with head indistinct from the counter-
mark; holding a long cross in the right hand.
No legend decipherable.

Eev. — The large K ; to right ANNO, to left various

illegible figures. (PI. ii. 13.) . . 2

No. 3.

Obv. — The bust of the emperor to the waist, holding
long cross; to his right, K; to his left, a
countermark of a small winged Victory.
The emperor iinbearded) but with a mous-
tache.

Eev. — The cursive M ; traces of ANA to the right ;
in the exergue, rr9 (PI. ii. 11) possibly ir,
that is 13 1

(M. Sabatier, in his new work on the Roman ,
series, has published a silver coin of Heraclius
and Heraclius Constantine. in which a small

COINS OF CONSTANS II. AND HIS SONS. 51

Victory is represented as crowning the em-
peror. iSee his PL Sup. xvii. 44.)

No. 4.

Ohv, — The beardless effigy of the emperor, standing,
full-faced and diademed. The long cross in
his right; the orb in his left. EN T«TO NIKA.

Rev. — The cursive M in two specimens ; as usual, on
the third, to the right, ANA ; left, NEC. The
exergue doubtful. (See PI. ii. 10.) . . 3

No. 5.

Ohv, — The emperor as before, but always bearded,
and the diadem more ornamented. The
details of this type more elaborate than the
last.

Rev. — The large M, lettered from a to e between the
limbs to the right, ana ; left, NEC ; in the
exergue the numerals lA. XII. XIII.
XIIII. and XV. (11th, 12th, 13th, 14th,
and 15th years.)
In the left corner of the field, between the
last sjrmbol of the numeral and the O of
ANANEO, there appears the sign (/ or C.*
(See PI. ii. G, 7, and 8.) . . . ^ . 52

Coins of the same type as above, but with illegible

exergues 76

128

* Of this, in many specimens perfectly distinct and legible
symbol, I am at present quite unable to offer any adequate
explanation. It closely resembles the Upsilon in form, if it be
not actually one and the same letter. We may conclude it is to
be read as an integral part of ANANEO rather than the numeral
preceding it, as it disappears on the KON2TAN type after the
very numeral X^ which it followed on the ANANEO type. (See
PI. ii. 3 and 8.) The most convenient theory would be to
suppose this equivalent to 2, 21, or 212, the remaining portions
of the word ANANE02I2 ; but unless some of the " litterse nexse"
of the period come to our assistance, I fear there is little to bear
out this reading. I think also there is small chance of its being
the Omega required to follow ANANEO were the word to be
continued in an nncontracted form, thus, ANANE002I2, as
this is a very unlikely way for a Byzantine to write the word at
this period.

52 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

No. 6.

Ohv, — EN T«TO NIKA. The emperor as before,
bearded and full length. This type of rather
better workmanship, and elaborate in its
details. The letters rather broader.

Rev, — The large M ; above it a star ; lettered beneath,
from A to E; to the right, KfltN ; left, CTAN;
in the exergue xC/ ', sometimes written X^.
(See PL ii. 3.) 62

No. 7.

Ohv, — EN T8T0 NIKA. The emperor as in No. 5.

Rev, — The large M ; lettered as usual below ; above
it, a K ; to the right, ANNO ; to the left,
XVI. The exergue doubtful. (See PI. ii. 9.) 7

constans ii. and constantine pogonatus.
From a.d. 654.

No. 8.

Ohv. — The emperor, bearded and diademed, standing,
full-faced, in military costume, holding a
long cross in his right hand. To his left,
Pogonatus, diademed, in a long robe, with
the orb in his right hand.

Rev. — The large M ; above it a K ; and numeral letters
between the limbs from A to E ; to the right,
ANNO ; to the left, XV. XVI. or XVII.
In the exergue, CON. (Soleirol, No. 638,
describes a coin somewhat similar, giving
the exergual mark SOL ) (See PI. ii. 14.) 69

CONSTANS II., CONSTANTINE PoGONATUS, HeRACLIUS, AND

Tiberius. From 659 a.d.

No. 9.

Ohv, — Full-faced bust of Constans, with a very long
beard, wearing an open kind of diadem,
leaning to one side ; sometimes a small cross
on it. In his right hand a globe, sur-
mounted by a long cross. On his left, in
the field, a large K for Oonstantine.

COINS OF CONSTANS II. AND HIS SONS. 53

Eev, — The large M ; the bust of Pogonatus above it;
to the right, that of Heraclius ; to the left,
that of Tiberius; in the exergue some-
times e; but generally with no exergual
mark, but lettered under the M from A to E,
which variety seems unknown. Soleirol ap-
parently had three specimens reading e.
There are endless minor varieties in the
treatment of the diadem and the drapery of
the mantle on the obverse. One specimeiL
bears in the field JJ, instead of the large K,
to the left of the bust of Oonstans. This is
not a countermark, as the usual one appears
elsewhere on the coin. (See PI. ii. 4.) No
date or legend. 80

No. 10.

Obv. — The emperor standing, in military costume, full-
faced and bearded ; wearing a kind of mitre,
leaning to the left. A long cross in his right
hand ; his left rests on his hip ; to the right,
le. XX. KA. xxr. (19, 20, 21, 23) ; to the
left a large M, lettered below from A to E.
These letters generally large also. On the
coins of the latest date the tiara has given
place to the diadem on the obverse.

Eev. — Pogonatus, Heraclius, and Tiberius, full-faced,
standing in robes of peace ; all diademed, and
holding orbs. Sometimes A to the right, or
A to the left ; in a few instances the M to
the left of the obverse has no letter under it.
This type varies much in size and fabric.
Soleirol, No. 647, is an imperfect description
of it. He suggests Sicily as the mintage
place, and describes his three specimens
there given as badly preserved. (PI. ii. 1.) 160

No. 11.

Obv. — The emperor in military dress, full-length and
full-faced, standing to the right, holding a
long cross ; he is diademed and bearded.
To his left Pogonatus in a robe of peace
with an orb in his right hand ; in the field
to the left XXE (25); above, between the
figures, a small cross.

54 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

Rev. — The large M, surmounted by an elaborate
cross on steps, Heraclius full-length and
full-face to the right, holding the orb ; Tibe-
rius to the left as before. In the exergue
CON, under the M, ar. (PI. ii. 5.) Another
variety differs in having no large M between
the figures on the reverse, who both hold
crosses instead of orbs. (PI. ii. 5 B. The

^ last coin on the page.) 5

CONSTANTINE PoGONATUS, HeRACLIUS, AND TiBERIUS*

From a.d. 668.
No. 12.

OJ)^, — Pogonatus, Heraclius, and Tiberius standing
full-faced, all holding in their right hands
short crosses or sceptres, also diademed and
" in robes of peace.

i?et;.— The large M, below it T; to the right, ANNO ;
to the left, XV. In the exergue, KYHP.
Countermarked as usual with the rest.

(PL ii. 2.) 3

Number
Names. of Coins. Dates of Years.

Constans II. alone . ... 205 11,12,13,14,15,16.

Constans II. and Constantine

Pogonatus 59 15, 16, 17.

Constans II., Constantine Po-
gonatus, Heraclius, and Ti-
berius 245 19, 20, 21, 23, 25.

Constantine Pogonatus, He-
raclius, and Tiberius . . 3 15.

Total 512

We learn from this table that in his fifteenth and six-
teenth years Constans was being struck on anonymous
coins by himself, simultaneously with the issue of pieces
of himself and his son Pogonatus.

The system of numeration adopted in the coins of this

COINS OF CONSTANS II. AND HIS SONS.

find is quaint in the extreme from its confusion of Greek
and Roman numerals.

lA . . . .

. 11

XII. . .
XIII . .

. 12
. 13

^ Occur elaewtc:

XIIII .

. 14

XV. . .

. 15

XVI . ,

, . 16

XVII .

. 17

18 is wanting.

. 19-

XX. . .

. 20

KA . . .

. 21

22 and 24 wanting.

xxr. . .

. 23

XXK , .

. 25

'^ Surfrappes/* or counterstruck coins are common in
this find, I shall conclude by the mention of those which
are decipherable.

Upon the EN T«TO and ANANEO tjrpe (pi. ii. 6, 7, 8) are
struck the K12N2TAN type (pi. ii. 3), the Oonstans and Pogonatus
type (pi. ii. 14), the four bust type (pi. ii. 4), and the four
figure type (pi. ii. 1).

The last-mentioned type is again struck upon the K12N2TAN
type (pi. ii. 3), and on the four bust type (pi. ii. 4).

J. L. W.

VII.

ENGLISH AND FOREIGN STERLINGS FOUND IN
SCOTLAND.

For the following catalogue of a hoard of coins lately
discovered in Dumfiriesshire, we are indebted to Mr.
George Sim, of Edinburgh. The whole of them were
made over to the Scottish Exchequer Chamber, in ac-
cordance with the recent regulations as to treasure-trOve
in Scotland.

Though not presenting any remarkable features, either
in the number of the coins discovered, or in the rarity
of any of the types, this find is still of interest, as
showing the proportionate quantities of the coins issued
from the various English mints of the period in circu-
lation together, and the amount of intermixture of the
foreign imitations of the sterling with them.

As there are only four Scotch coins among them, it
would appear that though found in Scotland, this hoard
of coins was originally collected together in England, and
was probably either buried by an Englishman on one of
the numerous expeditions into Scotland at the beginning
of the 14th century, or may have been the hidden produce
of some Scottish raid over the Border.

Mr. Sim remarks that the sterling of Valenciennes
is exactly similar to one found at Kirkcudbright, and
described in the Numismatic Chronicle, vol xiii. p. 88,
and that of Mons to the one described on the same page.
There is some doubt whether the sterling attributed to

ENGLISH AND FOREIGN STERLINGS. 57

Robert III. of Flanders is really his. It belongs, how-
ever, to a Count of Flanders, and was struck at Alost.

In the find of coins at Kirkcudbright, the relative pro-
portions of the English and foreign coins was just the
reverse of that of the present find. In that instance there
were only five coins of Edward I., one of Henry III., and
one of Alexander III., to upwards of eighty of foreign
mintage, while here there are one hundred and ninety-
one English and Scotch coins to four of the foreign
imitations.

Description of Coins found on the 30th March, 1860, on
the farm of Netherfield, parish of Cummertrees, in
the county of Dumfries, by Edward Dalrymple and
William Burnie,

All Pennies.

Foreign sterlings : — John of Hainault (of Mons, and Valen-

cienneB), and Robert III. of Flanders, &c 4

Alexander III. of Scotland 3

John BalioL Rev. " Rex Scotorum " 1

Edwards I. and II. of England : —

London 91

Canterbury 49

Durham 23

Newcastle 3

Lincoln 1

York 4

Bury St. Edmunds 4

Berwick 3

Bristol 5

Dublin 1

Illegible 3

Dalrymple 77 Total 195

Burnie .118

Total 195

VOL. I. N.a

VIII.

ON SOME LOOPED COINS FOUND WITH ANGLO-
SAXON ORNAMENTS IN KENT.
The four gold solidi here described, and engraved, though
without the loops, in PI. iii., were found last year at Sarre,
near Reculver, in Kent, and formed pendants to a necklace
of beads, which — with a splendid gold fibula inlaid with
garnets, found at the same time — is now in the British
Museum. They belong to the end of the sixth and begin-
ning of the seventh century, and are highly interesting, as
they mark the period at which the name and eflSgy of a
Byzantine emperor appeared for the last time, under
Heraclius, on the coinage of the south of Gaul.

No. 1.

06v.— DN. MAVRIO RPPAVG. Diademed bust of
Mauricius Tiberius, to the right.

J?et;.— VICTORIA AVGGVI. .... . A cross rest-
ing on a globe, and encircled in a wreath. On
the left of the cross, M ; on the right, A. On the
left of the globe, X ; on the right, XI. Of good
workmanship.
No. 2.

Ohv.—O^ MAVIIAPPAHC. Diademed bust of Mau-
ricius Tiberius, to the right.

Rev,—YlC. OR. AVGGVI. CONOR. Cross and globe
as in No. 1, but with AR. instead of MA. Of
barbarous workmanship.
No. 3.

Obv.—ERAC. . VS INP. Diademed bust of Heraclius,
to the right.

Rev, — Barbarous legend. Cross and globe as in No. 1.

No. 4.

06v.— CHLOTARIVS RX. Diademed bust of Clotaire II.,

to the right.
Rev. — Barbarous legend. Cross and globe as in No. 1.

Mtm.. CfnvTLN S YolLFl.III.p. S3.

Jhhit Cl^kgrn. id et Seulf. '

COINS FOUND WITH ANGLO SAXON ORNAMENTS IN KENT.

LOOPED COINS POUND IN KENT. 59

M. Lenormant describes two varieties of gold coins
struck at Marseilles, and in other towns of the south of
France, with the name of Manricins Tiberius, but he does
not mention any of similar fabric bearing the names of
subsequent emperors. The first variety, like the early
Merovingian coinage, is full faced in the soUdus, but side
faced in the triens. In the second variety, to which our
coins belong, both the solidus and triens are side faced,
and the cross on the reverse is encircled in a wreath,
instead of being separated by a straight line from the
exergual legend, as in the first variety. He ascribes the
former to Gondovald, natural son of Clotaire I, who, with
the assistance of Mauricius Tiberius, held possession of
the south of Gaul from a.d. 583 to 585 ; and the second to
Syagrius, who in 587 succeeded for a short time in re-
establishing the imperial authority in the same quarter.

M. Lenormant further observes that we have no effigies
of Merovingian kings on coins imitated from those of the
second variety till Clotaire 11., who obtained possession of
the southern provinces in 613, and he is of opinion that
till this date money was coined there in the name of the
Byzantine emperor.

This supposition is confirmed by the coin of Heraclius,
No. 3, and by two others, both in the British Museum.
The first is a barbarous solidus of Focas, the reverse of
which is similar to that of Nos. 1, 3, and 4 j and the second,
a triens of Heraclius, struck at Viviers, and similar in
fabric to one of Clotaire II., bearing the mint-mark of
Marseilles, which is also in the national collection. This
mintage continues, with a few exceptions, from Clotaire II.
to the end of the Merovingian dynasty.

J. F. W. Db Salis.

NOTICE OF RECENT NUMISMATIC PUBLICATIONS.

The sixth number (November and December) of the Revue
Numismatique for 1860 has the following papers : —

1. Letter XI. of M. De Saulcy, addressed to M. A. de Long-
perier, on the " Numismatique Gauloise," attributing the Gaulish
quinarii with the horseman on the reverse, and the legends
EBVRO, DONNVS, AVSCRO . COMA, &c., to the Gaulish
league against Ariovistus and the Helvetii.

2. Remarks on the names Voluntillius and Ambillius, by
M. A. de Longperier.

3. " Etudes de Numismatique Asiatique," by W. H. Wad-
dington, Esq.

Mr. Waddington here publishes the commencement of an
essay on the coins bearing Phoenician, Aramsean, or similar
inscriptions. The first portion treats of the coins of the Satraps,
and of Tyre. The most important discovery announced, is that
the Satraps did not issue coin as governors, but when in command
of large forces by a special authority. The paper is of great
value in establishing a safe basis for further inquiry.

4. Paper on the coins of Macon, by M. Ch. Robert

In the Nicrologie is a well-deserved tribute of respect to the
late Colonel Martin Leake.

The principal articles contained in the 3i^me and 4i^me
Livraisons, of the Revue Numismatique Beige, for 1860, are as
follows : —

1. A letter from M. F^nelon Farez, " On a Gaulish coin with
the legend L . ARTVE . C . COMIN DC VIR," in which he
repudiates the opinion of De Saulcy, who interprets CO MI. N
as COMMII. Nepos, and suggests that ARIVE is without
doubt a proper name, and that VI R may be Vericus, the son of
Commius. M. Farez suggests that it is a coin of Pcestum, and
that it was struck in the duumvirate of Lucius Artuenus and
Caius Cominius, the latter of the plebeian family Cominia. He
gives his reasons for this attribution, and appeals to Messrs.
Birch and Evans to give their opinion on the subject. There is
no doubt that the view of M. Farez is correct, and it had
already been accepted by M. de Saulcy in a Rectification which
appeared in the August number of the Revue Numismatique,

2. " On a solidus of Aelia Galla Placidia," by M. Julius
Friedlaender.

NOTICE OP NUMISMATIC PUBLICATIONS. 61

The attribution to Galla Placidia, the wife of Constantius
(Patricius), of the coins formerly attributed to Aelia Placidia,
wife of Olybrius, has been often suggested. The coin of Galla
Placidiay with the name Aelia was struck at Constantinople by
her nephew, Theodosius II., during the time that Johannes I.
had usurped the purple at Ravenna, and on being restored to
her power there by her nephew, she again struck coins in the
name of her son, Placidius Valentinianus, with the name Galla,
Aelia was the common name for the princesses at Constantinople,
viz., Aelia Uudoxia, Aelia Pulcheria. M. Friedlaender is pro-
bably mistaken in saying that the type of these solidi with the
legend VOT. XX. MVLT. XXX. has reference to the solidi of
her son; it has reference to the same type and legend of the
solidi of her nephew, Theodosius II., struck at Constantinople.

3. " On an Arab coin with a Visigothic type," by M. H.
Lavoix.

4. ** On some unedited mfedisBval coins," by M. Chalon.

5. " Plombs des fetes des Innocents, having reference to the
town of Aire-sur-la-Lys," by M. Jules Rouyer.

6. "On some interesting documents relating to the history of
coins," by M. de la Fons-Melicocq. — Two Essays,

7. " The destruction of Eptiacum about the year 202 of the
Christian era proved by coins," by Dr. A. Namur.

8. "On the most ancient coin known of Abdul Malek," by
M. H. Sauvaire.

9. " On some curious Jettons," by M. Preux.

10. " On a medal of honour presented by the United Pro-
vinces to Captain Logier," by M. de Coster.

11. " Notice of J. Boskam, the engraver," by M. A. Pinchart.

In the Numismatische Zetimig, December, 18C0, No. 25
(twenty -seventh year), are notices of the work by J. Neumann.

Beschreibung der bekanntesten Kupfer Miinzen. Prag.,
1860.

The twelfth Part of this valuable publication contains the
papal and Neapolitan coins. Great care has been shown in the
description of the papal money, and in those of the Rulers of
Camerino, Ferrara, Pesaco, and Urbino.

A notice of the later money of the Bishopric of Passau.

Of a medal of M. Romer, the President of the Ober-Apella-
tions-Gerichts.

Of an extensive find of coins in Ober-Schwaben, which are to
be described at length by Dr. J. MiQler. And

Of a medal to the celebrated naturalist Leopold Von Buch,
under whom Humboldt studied.

MISCELLANEA.

The New Coinage. — From the Gazette of Tuesday, Dec. 18.

By the QUEEN.—A PROCLAMATION.

VICTORIA, R.
Whereas we have thought fit to order that certain pieces of
money of bronze or mixed metal should be coined, which should
be called " Penny Pieces," " Halfpenny Pieces," and " Farthing
Pieces :'" every such penny having for the obverse impression
our efi&gy laureated, with the inscription " Victoria. D. G. Britt :
Reg : F. D.," and for the reverse impression the figure of
Britannia seated upon a rock in the sea, her right hand resting
upon a shield, and holding in her left the trident, with a ship
and pharos in the distance, and the inscription " One Penny,"
with the date of the year; and every such halfpenny piece
having for the obverse impression the aforesaid efl&gy and in-
scription, and for the reverse the figure of Britannia, with the
same emblems as described for the penny, and the inscription
" Halfpenny," with the date of the year ; and every such far-
thing piece having for the obverse impression the aforesaid effigy
and inscription, and for the reverse the figure of Britannia, with
the same emblems as described for the penny, and the inscrip-
tion " Farthing," with the date of the year : all which said
moneys of bronze or mixed metal have been and shall be coined
in a mixed metal or bronze, composed of copper, tin, and zinc ;
and whereas pieces of money of the description aforesaid have
been coined at our Mint, and will be coined there, we have,
therefore, with the advice of our Privy Council, thought fit to
issue this Proclamation ; and we do hereby ordain, declare, and
command that all such pieces of money of bronze or mixed metal
so coined, and to be coined as aforesaid, shall be current and
lawful money of the Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and
shall pass and be received as current and lawful money of the
said kingdom, every such penny piece as of the value of one
penny of present lawful money, every such halfpenny piece
as of the value of one halfpenny of present lawful money, and
every such farthing piece as of the value of one farthing of

MISCELLANEA. 63

present lawful money ; provided that no person shall be obliged
to take more of such penny pieces in any one payment than shall
be of the value of Is, after the rate aforesaid, or take more of
such halfpenny or farthing pieces in any one payment than shall
be of the value of sixpence after the rate aforesaid.

Given at our Court at Windsor, this 17th day of December,
1860, and in the 24th year of our reign.

God save the Queen.

The Coinage. — A return relating to the operations of the
Mint was issued April 17, 1860. The number of sovereigns
coined in 1859 were 1,547,603; of half-sovereigns, 2,203,813, a
greater number than those for the former year, when 803,234
sovereigns and 855,578 half-sovereigns were coined. The total
value of all the gold coinage manufactured at the Mint during
the last ten years was £54,490,266. The number of florins
coined in 1859 was 2,568,060; of shillings, 4,561,920; of
sixpences, 4,688,640; of fourpences, 4158; of threepences,
3,584,328 ; of silver twopences, 4752 ; and of silver pence, 7920.
In copper the coinage was as follows: — 1,075,200 pence,
1,290,240 halfpence, and 1,290,240 farthings. Half-farthings
have not been coined since 1856.

Sale op Coins. — The choice collection of coins, (fee, formed
by the late Rev. J. Lewin-Sheppard, of Frome, to which were
added some other coins, have been lately dispersed under the
hammer of Messrs. Sotheby and Wilkinson. The following were
the more interesting specimens of the Rev. Mr. Sheppard's col-
lection: — Roman Silver. — Lot 18. Marciana; rev., CONSE-
CRATIO, eagle — £3 14«. Lot 33. Carausius, an unpublished
denarius; obv., bust laureated, to the right ; rev., FEDES (sic)
MTLITVM, female standing, holding two military ensigns;
R.S.R. in exergue— £7 12s. Qd, British Gold.— Lot 61. Eppil-
lus ; obv., EPPI. (Eppillus), horse to right ; rev., COIM.F (Comi
filius) in circlet; well preserved; size. If, wt. 20 grs. — £8.
Lot 62. Tasciovanus ; obv., ornated tablet, inscribed TASC.
(iovanus) ; rev., horseman to left, a pellet beneath ; size, 2, wi;.
20^ grs.— £5 10«. British, Saxon, and English Silver.— ^Lot 64.
Cunobelinus ; obv., CVNOBELINVS., bare bust to right ; rev.,
TASCIO., horse to right, crescent above. Fine; size, 2, wt.
26 7-10 grs. ; varied from Mr. Huxtable's specimen, lot 507,
which sold for £15. the present realized £30 10s. Lot 69.
Ecgberht, King of Kent, or rather Eadbhert of Northumber-
land ; sceatta, with obv., an animal resembling a dragon ; rev.,
EOTBEREDT VI., and cross ; vide Hawkins, No. 103. Wt.
14 J grs.— £4 3s. Lot 71. Offa; obv.. King's head to right;

64 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

rev., ornamental cruciform type, including the moneyer's name,
PEHTVALF. Fine; wt. 17f grs.-£5. Lot 72. Offa ; obv.,
O.F.M.R. and 0. in centre of an ornament, extending to the
edge of the coin ; rev., ALH. M VN. in the field ; cross, crook,
&c. Fine; wt. 19 grs.— £14 10s. Lot 73. Coenwlf; obv.,
bust; rev., LVL + . in ovals between the angles of a cross,
terminating in large triangular compartments, in imitation of
coins of Offa. Fine ; wt. 18 grs.— £3 15s. Lot 83. Anlaf ; obv.,
trefoil ornament ; rev., the so-called Danish sacred ensign, but
without the badge of the raven. Similar to that in Hawkins,
No. 128. Wt. 26 grs.— £3 4s. Lot 85. Saint Peter, penny ;
rev., EBRAICIT., and in centre the Carlovingian monogram.
Fine; wt. 19 l-5grs.— £5 10s. Lot 88. Ceolnoth, Archbishop
of Canterbury ; obv., rude full-faced bust ; rev., BIARNRED.
MONETA. Fine ; wt. 23f grs.— £13 10s. Lot 93. Ecgbeorht,
sole monarch ; obv., bust to right ; rev., TIDBEARHT., and
in centre a monogram somewhat like that of Charlemagne ; vide
Hawkins, No. 157. Wt. 22 grs.— £4 12s. Lot 102. Aelfred,
obv., 4" ELFRED. M. — X -f-., portrait rudely executed ; rev.,
DVI)I). MONETA. in three lines, as the pennies of Burgred.
Mr. Hawldns, at p. 58 of his Silver Coins of England, mentions
this identical rare coin, and states, " It is difficult to suppose that
Maximus was intended, and as difficult to form any other reason-
able conjecture." Probably unique. Wt. 18 grs.— £9. Lot 104.
Aelfred, halfpenny ; obv., CIV.REI. ; head to right; rev., large
monogram (retrograde) of London, occupjdng the whole field ;
wt. 10 grs.— £6 10s. Lot 126. Harthacnute; obv., -|- HARDE-
CNVToo., diademed head to left; rev., -f BRACIT. ON.
VIBEIS., cross, as in Hawkins, No. 216— £3 58. Lot 135.
Eustace ; obv. and rev., as in Hawkins, No. 282, lion, &c. Fine
— £3 Is. Lot 164. Mary Queen of Scots, testoon; date 1562.
Fine, though double struck ; from the Bindley collection — £4.
Lot 170. Oliver Cromwell, silver pattern for a two-shilling piece ;
obv., bust of the Protector without the &c. before PRO. ; rev.,
PAX, (fee. ; 1658, probably the work of Simon. Plain edge.
Fine ; wt. 6 dwts. 11 grs. Mr. Cuff *8 specimen, lot 1,288 (1854)
produced £18 6b, — 14 guineas. Lot 228. Maryland, Lord
Baltimore's shilling, sixpence, and groat, by Nicholas Briot; a
fine set-£10. Lot 235. Edward V., angel, M.M.. rose and
sun combined ; scarce — £10. Lot 247. Simon's petition crown
of Charles II. ; obv., splendidly executed bust, laureated, (fee,
SIMON beneath ; rev., four shields, (fee, 1663; on the edge or
rim is inscribed the well-known curious petition, vide Num,
Chron., vol. xvi. p. 133. Fairly preserved; enclosed in a silver
box, within a modern red morocco case — £40.

IX.

AN ACCOUNT OF A FIND OF COINS IN THE PARISH
OF GOLDBOROUGH, YORKSHIRE.

[Read before the Numismatic Society, April 28, 1859.]

I HAVE great pleasure in giving an account to the Numis-
matic Society of a very curious find of coins that has
taken place in the parish of Goldborough, in Yorkshire,
and for the preservation of which we are indebted to the
Hon. and Rev. Mr. Lascelles, the vicar of the place.

It appears that, in the autumn of 1858, some workmen
were digging the foundations for the rebuilding the wall of
the churchyard at Goldborough, when they came upon an
earthenware pot, which was immediately broken into frag-
ments, and was found to contain a number of pieces of
silver, such as ingots, several portions of silver bracelets,
one very large and perfect silver buckle, and a considerable
number of coins. The character of the find bears remark-
able analogy to the much larger one at Cuerdale, in Lan-
cashire, in 1840 ; but there is this difference, that whereas
in the Cuerdale find the great bulk of the coins were
Saxon, and there were only two or three Oriental coins
interspersed among them, in this find nearly the whole of
the coins are Oriental, only two Saxon coins having been
met with — one of Alfred, and the other of Eadweard the
Elder.

The coin of Alfred is a great curiosity; it is, indeed,
only half a coin ; but its size is double that of the usual

VOL. I. N.S. K

66 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

Saxon pennies, and, with one exception, no similar coin
has been met with. Those who are interested in the Saxon
coinage will probably remember a specimen engraved by
Mr. Hawkins, PI. xiii. No. 178, in his work on the ^^ Silver
Coins of England,^' of which he gives the following
account: — ^^A very peculiar piece will be found (see
No. 178), ly^^ inch in diameter, and weighing 162 grains.
It is right to make the reader acquainted with the exist-
ence of so curious a piece, though it must be considered
more in the light of a medal than of a coin. It is in the
possession of Mr. Garland,^^ or rather it was, in 1828 ;
for whether Mr. Garland is still alive, and whether he still
retains it, or what may have become of it if he is now
dead, this, no one, I believe, knows. Mr. Garland^s coin,
or medal, reads :—

Oiv.-^ 4-AEL

FRED RE ......

XSAXO (^^Mrhn^s.)

NVM

Rev.-^ ELI ,^ ,. ^

A ^ ° {-"^ ^^0 lines,)

M • O —

The fragment discovered at Goldborough, weij^hs 53
grains, and is here engraved.

It is not too much to say that but for the previous
occurrence of the perfect specimen of which I have spoken.

A FINP OF COINS AT OOLDBOROUOH. 67

no one, however imaginative, could have determined to
what king it was to be assig^ed.

The other coin has no especial merit, and belongs to a
class which, as all collectors know, is sufficiently abundant.
It reads : —

Ohv. l-EADVVEARD REX; in the centre a small

cross.

Eev.— EDELL^

* 4* *
A ^(70

V (M)

The remaining coins are all Oriental, and maybe arranged
as follows. They are, in number, thirty-five, of which
seven have become hopelessly illegible ; the rest may be
thus described : —

Of the Abbasside Dynasty.

1. Al Motkmed ala Allah. a.h. 276

A.D. 889

2. Ditto, bearing the name of Taher.

3. — A.H. 290—299

A.D. 903—912
and struck during the khalafat of Al Moktafi or
Al Moktader.

4. One struck at Al Shash.

6. Another, which belongs to this dynasty, but is so much
worn as to be nearly illegible.

6. One bearing the name of Al Moktafi,

and the date a.h. 292
A.D. 905

NXTMISMATIC CHBONICLE.

7. Al Motadhed.

A.H. 280
A.D. 893
and struck at Al Shash,

8. Of this dynasty; but with no date or place of striking.

9. Al Moktader billah.

A.H. 297
A.D. 910

Of the Sam an IAN Dynasty.

10. Ismail ben Ahmed.

(Al Motadhed.)

A.H. 282

A.D. 895

Al Shash.

11. Ismail ben Ahmed.

Al Motadhed biUah.

A.H. 286

A.D. 899

Al Shash.

12. Ismail ben Ahmed.

Al Motadhed biUah.

A.H. 286

A.D. 899

Samarcand.

13. Ismail ben Ahmed.

Al Motadhed billah.

A.H. 288

A.D. 901

Samarcand.

13. Ismail ben Ahmed.

Al Motadhed biUah.

A.H. 289

A.D. 902

Al Motadhed billah.

A.H. 291

A.D. 904:

Al Shash.

16. Ismail ben Ahmed.

A.H. 291

A.D. 904

Al Shash.

16. Ismail ben Ahmed.

Al Motadhed billaL

A.H. 279—289

A.D. 892—902

Al Shash.

A FIND OF COINS AT GOLDBOROUGH.

16. Ismail ben Ahmed.

Al Moktafi billah.

17. Ismail ben Ahmed.

Al Moktafi billah.

18. Ismail ben Ahmed.

Al Moktafi billah.

19. Ismail ben Ahmed.

20. Ismail ben Ahmed.

Al Moktafi binah.

21. Ismail ben Ahmed.

Al Moktader.

22. Ismail ben Ahmed.

23. Ismail ben Ahmed.

sine anno ant loco.

24. Ahmed ben Ismail.

Al Moktader billah.

25. Ahmed ben Ismail.

Al Moktader.

26« Kasr ben Ahmed.

Al Moktader biUdi*

A.H. 289—294
A.D. 902—907

Al Shash.

A.H. 292
A.D. 905

Al Shash.

A.H. 292
A.D. 905

Samarcand,

A.H. 293
A.D. 906

Maaden,

A.H. 294
A.D. 907

Samarcand.

A.H. 29—
A.D. 90—

A.H. —8
Ta.h. 279—2951
La.d. 892— 907j
AlSJuuh.

•A.H. 279—2951
A.D. 892— 907j

A.H. 298
AJ). 911

A.H. 298

A.D. 911

A.H. 301—320
A.D. 913—932

(Seven illegible.)

70 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

From the comparison of the dates we are able to obtain
from these coiiiS, it is easy to ascertain the limits of the
period within which they must have been struck, and
thence to deduce some conclusions as to the date when
this hoard must have been deposited.

Thus, from the coins of Alfred and Eadweard the Elder,
we know that none of these can be earlier than the first
year of Alfred, a.d. 872, nor later than the last year of
the reign of Eadweard, or a.d. 925 ; that is, that so far as
we can ascertain from the Saxon coins, they range over a
period of fifty- three years.

This period is, however, more limited when we come
to examine the dates of the Oriental coins. Thus, the
earliest is a piece of the Abbasside dynasty and of the
Khalif Al Motdmed ala Allah; on this the date is clearly
A.H. 276 (a.d. 889), corresponding with the eleventh year
of Alfred the Great; and we have, subsequently, the
well-defined dates, a.h. 280 (893), 282 (895), 286 (899),
288 (901), 289 (902), 291 (904), 292 (905), 293 (906),
294 (907), 297 (910), 298 (911), while from one of the
coins bearing clearly the name of Nasr ben Ahmed, the
fourth prince of the Samanian house, who reigned between
A.H. 301 — 331, or A.D. 913 — 943, we might conclude that
one at least of these coins was as late as that date, or
eighteen years after the death of Eadweard the Elder.
Here, however, we have another limitation in the name
of the khalif who appears also on this coin, Al Moktader
billah. As this prince did not reign longer than a.h. 320
(a.d. 932), we may be sure that the coin cannot be later
than this period. Now the year a.d. 932 is seven years
after the death of Eadweard, during the reign of his son,
Athelstan; and it is possible, therefore, by taking the
extreme limits as mentioned above, that these coins do

A FIND OP COINS AT GOLDBOROUGH. 71

range over a period extending from a.h. 276 — 320
(a.d. 889 — 932), or forty-three years. As, however, the
last coin mentioned does not give its actual date, but only
an inferential one, derived from comparing the dates of
the princess reign with that of his spiritual sovereign the
khalif, it is quite possible that this coin may have been
struck before the death of Eadweard, in a.d. 925, and,
therefore, that the actual limit of these coins is between
A.D. 889 — 925, or thirty-six years.

With regard to the discovery of Oriental coins inter-
mixed with Saxon or other money of the North of Europe,
I have already given the fullest information I could, in a
paper I read before this Society in January, 1850,^ in
which I gave an accoimt of the vast number of such coins
which have been found all along the shores of the Baltic,
I then stated that, curiously enough, almost all these coins
belong to one or two Oriental dynasties, and that their date
lies within very narrow limits. All this is confirmed by
the circumstances of the present find, no less than by that
of Cuerdale, to which I have already alluded.

W. S. W. Vaux,

' Num. Chro?i. vol. xiii. p. 14,

OBSERVATIONS ON SOME DOUBLE-STBUOK COINS
OF THE BACTRIAN KING, AZES OR AZAS.

Of the abundant series of coins which bear the name of
the Bactrian king, Azas, two types, figured as Nos. 10 and
12, in the seventh plate of Wilson's '^ Ariana Antiqua,'*
are perhaps those most common.

The first bears on the obverse an elephant, and on the
reverse an Indian bull; the other has on its obverse a
seated figure of the Greek goddess, Demeter, and on the
reverse a standing figure of Hermes with his caduceus.

The legends on both types are precisely the same, being
on the obverse, in Greek letters,

BA2IAEQ2 BA2IAEQN MEFAA O Y AZ O Y,

and on the reverse, in Arian Pali letters,
MAHARAJADHIRAJASA . MAHATASA AYASA.

In the year 1849, while examining a very well preserved
specimen of the latter type, which I procured from Jhelum,
in the Pimjab, I discovered beneath the Pali legend of the
obverse the faint outlines of the Greek letters ^^ QN/'

I examined, in consequence, every individual of the
same type which fell into my hands with peculiar care;
and at last, in 1851, I was rewarded by finding among a
parcel of coins purchased for me at Rawul Pindi, an entire
series of these curious palimpsests.

They were bought by Mr. Carnac, who states the
Affghan who sold them assured him they were all taken
out of a tope near Jellalabad, in Afighanistan — a story

ON SOME DOUBLE-STRUCK COINS OF AZAS. 73

which their appearance did not belie, as when I first
received them they were mostly adhering to each other,
and covered with a thick coat of verdigris.

On cleaning, I found them to be all coins of Azas, and,
with one exception, of the two types described above.
Most of those, however, which bore the second type
exhibited traces of having been re-struck upon older
defaced coins ; and in every case the original type appeared
to have been that of the bull and elephant.

Altogether, the number of specimens which I have
secured (mostly of this find), on which similar marks are
to be found, amounts to nearly a dozen, exhibiting the
defacement of the original device in almost every stage of
completeness ; in some a few faint traces of the original
legends alone survived; in others, again, it is difficult to
say which of the two types predominates ; indeed, one of
my coins presents to the eye the figure of Hermes or the
elephant, according to the position in which it may be
held, while on the other side the knees and lower extremi-
ties of the seated goddess vanish into the hind quarters of
the Indian bull !

Beyond my own collection, I have also met with similar
re-struck coins of Azas (there is one in the cabinet of the
British Museum) ; there can therefore be little doubt that
the re-coinage was one of large extent.

Moreover, as the only type obliterated is that of the
elephant and bull, while that substituted is also always that
of Demeter and Hermes, it seems probable that the re-
coinage was in pursuance of a general design to recall one
from circulation in favour of the other. It may be inferred,
however, from the comparative abundance in which the
condemned type still occurs, that the object was not com-
pletely attained.

VOL. X. N.S. L

74 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

Knowing, as we do, the various motives whicli have
actuated monarchs in recorded instances to call in and
re-coin their own or their predecessor's currencies, it may
seem rash to attempt any explanation of the particular
caprice which influenced Azas to this measure.

Still, meagre as our materials are, and premature as it
would be to dogmatize on the matter with the information
we have hitherto possessed, there are, I think, to be found
in the general study of the coinage of Azas, some facts
which may warrant a conjecture, and on so interesting a
subject it is scarcely possible to refrain from one.

In the first place, there is a good deal to show that Azas
was not only a potent monarch, but that he was likewise
a conquering one. His coins, occurring as they do in
large numbers, of many diflTerent types, and with an
unusual variety of mint-marks, prove that he must have
ruled at once for a long period, and over a wide extent of
country; and certainly none but a successftd conqueror
could have reigned long and widely in a country so
politically situated as Upper India must have been at the
time he flourished. When, however, we find beyond this,
that his coins are especially abundant and various, as
compared with those of monarchs who must have been of
the same dynasty with himself, we cannot help believing
that he either founded or extended the dominion of that
dynasty — in either case, necessarily by conquest.

I might strengthen this position by farther evidence
and arguments; but the simple fact that Azas was a con-
queror is all that is necessary for my present purpose, and
this fact is not likely to be controverted.

Of his adversaries there may be wider room for con-
jecture. It can, however, scarcely be doubted that among
them were numbered some one or other of the represen-

ON SOME DOUBLE-STRUCK COINS OP AZAS. 75

tatives of the Greek sovereigns of India. Indeed, it is
scarcely needful in the present state of our numismatic
knowledge to adduce formal proof of the fact; it may
therefore suffice to say the execution of the coins of Azas
prove them to be of a date when Greek art and Greek
intelligence still asserted their supremacy, while there is
sufficient proof that a Greek dynasty still existed at a yet
later date, and that among the mint-marks found on the
coins of princes of this dynasty, are some which are found
also on the coins of Azas.

Keeping these facts in view, there is something of sig-
nificance in the character of the types of both the coins
which, it has been seen, were called in to be re-struck, and
of the types which were substituted in their place.

The first, we have seen, were an elephant and an Indian
bull — types which figure conspicuously among the emblems
of Buddhism. Nor are they the only traces of that faith
to be found on the coins of Azas — the lion is another
ordinaiy type. Perhaps, too, the well-known singular
cross-legged figure, which is found on the obverse of more
than one variety of Azas^ coins, may indicate a leaning
to the same faith. I may even cite, in addition, & very
curious standing figure, from a rare type in my own
cabinet, which closely resembles some curious sculptures
of the great Sakya Muni in the act of teaching.

But whether it be probable or not that the emblems on
the defaced coinage were selected on account of their sig-
nificance in Buddhism, there can at least be no doubt
that those of the coinage which replaced it were selected
from the storehouse of Grecian mythology; as, for instance,
Demeter with her comucopise, and Hermes with his ca-
duceus.

Guided, therefore, by these indications — the career of

76 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

Azas as a conquerorj his consequent antagonism to the
remaining Greek rulers of India; the probable Buddhist
character of the bulk of his coinage, and especially of
the earlier type under consideration ; the ascertained
defacement of the latter, and its re-coinage with types of
an undoubtedly Greek character ; I would venture to offer
as a conjecture (and purely as a conjecture) the following
explanation.

I suppose that the religion which Azas himself pro-
fessed, at least in the outset of his career, was probably
Buddhism; that the bull and elephant were adopted,
among his other earlier types, from the influence of that
religion; and that their calling in and re- coinage with
types borrowed from Grecian mythology took place after
his acquisition of some portion of the territories which
had, since the early conquests of the Bactrian monarchs,
exclusively owned a Greek sway; and I would further con-
jecture, that the adoption of the new types indicates not
so much the abandonment on the part of Azas of his own
religion, as a concession, probably only for a time, to the
prejudices of his newly acquired subjects.

I would, in conclusion, make a few observations on the
monograms which these coins bear. On the re-struck
coins I have never found but one* — that figured as
Nos. 113 and 132 of the table in ^^ Ariana Antiqua,'' and
No. 23 of Major Cunningham^s paper in the Numismatic
Chronicle.' This the latter gentleman reads from the
Arian version of it as " Salapi,^* and proposes to assign it to
2AAAnEI2A, which he supposes to be the same with

* It occurs also on the coins of Azas bearing the types of the
Indian bull and the lion. See " Ariana Anticiua," PI. vii. Fig. 8.
' Num. Chron. vol. viii. p. 175.

ON SOME DOUBLE-STRUCK COINS OF AZAS. 77

the 2AAArEI2A of Ptolemy, and identifies it as the
modern Sealcote.*

To this reading I see no objection from my own speci-
mens and the plate of the coin in the '^ Ariana Antiqua/^
I think the letter " sh" exists also in the Arian monogram,
which I would read, therefore, '' Salapisha,^* or " Shala-
pisa/^ The Greek letters certainly admit of being ren-
dered as SAAAFIEISA.

Major Cunningham does not give at length his reasons
for identifying this place with Sealcote. If, however, he be
correct in his supposition, it would well accord with the
conjectures I have formed, for Sealcote must have been a
city of importance from a period of remote antiquity, as
it is situated in what was unquestionably the stronghold of
Greek sovereignty in India, viz. : the upper part of the
Punjab.

On the coins of the earlier type I find at least three
monograms; for one of which. No. 114 of Wilson, Major
Cunningham proposes to read TAHIA, for Taxila. On
the coins of Azas, however, it is most frequently accom-
panied by the letter '^ a ^* of the Arian alphabet, and this
is probably the initial letter of the name. I must admit,
however, I am not prepared to ofter any more satisfactory
solution for this or the other two monograms which
occur on this class of coins.

They possess, however, one peculiarity to which I would
draw attention — the occurrence, in conjunction with them,
of certain minute varying Arian letters. These are found,
in conjunction too with other monograms, not unfrequently

» The modern " Sealcote" derives its name, I think, from the
tribe of " Syal" Jats, who inhabit much of the country between
the Jhelum and Eavi. Jhung is also surnamed from them
"Jhung-Sy&l."

78 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

on the coins of several monarchs besides Azas — as Azilisas^
Gondophares^ Hippostratus, and Hermaeus.

Major Cunningham, in his paper on monograms, already
cited, notices the occurrence of Greek letters of low nume-
rical value on the coins of some of the earlier Bactrian
kings, and suggests they may indicate the date according to
the year of the king^s reign. The results of my own exami-
nation of the coins of ApoUodotus and Menander are
confirmatory of this view, and I am inclined to suggest
these Arian letters may have been employed in a manner
more or less analogous.

I do not pretend^ however, at present to offer any
complete scheme explanatory of their use. I would only
observe, if my previous remarks are accepted as probable,
that the two letters " a^' and '^ s,^' which alone I have
found on the recalled coinage, occupy in all probability a
low position in the arithmetical series. I would further
merely add, that the vowel mark for '^ 1/^ occurring as
it does in conjunction with nearly all the letters, may
perhaps designate, as in the Greek numerical series, the
first place in the decimal series; and as in one instance
'^k^' also seems to occur in composition, it may, too,
similarly represent '' 20^^ in either series.

These remarks, however, are merely thrown out as
hints to other inquirers, and I am not myself disposed to
place any undue reliance on their value.

E. Clivb Baylby.

XI.

AN ACCOUNT OF BRITISH GOLD AND ROMAN
SILVER COINS FOUND AT LIGHTCLIFFE,
NEAR HALIFAX, IN THE YEAR 1827.

[Read before the Numismatic Society, Jan. 24, 1861.]

For the following particulars of this most interesting
discovery we are indebted to the kindness of Thomas
Bateman, Esq., of Youlgrave, Derbyshire.

In the year 1827 a workman, digging for gravel in the
immediate vicinity of the old Roman road, at Lightcliffe,
near Halifax, came upon a fictile vase, apparently of Roman
fabric, within about twelve inches of the surface of the
ground. Its contents proved to be a number of coins, prin-
cipally Roman denarii, but among them were four ancient
British coins in gold. Three of these were of the now well-
known Yorkshire type, with the inscription VOLISIOS in
two lines across a wreath on the obverse, and the rudely
formed horse and DVMNO-CO-VEROS on the reverse.
(See Ruding, pi. A, 83, and Hawkins, pi. i. No. 8.) The
fourth coin was a variety, hitherto unpublished, of the type
engraved in the Numismatic Chronicle, vol. i. pi. ii. No. II,

80 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

and vol. xiv. p. 71, No. 7. A representation of it is given
above, whicli may be thus described : —

Ohv, — A wreath formed of rectangular leaves running in
opposite directions on either side of a band con-
necting two crescents placed back to back. In
front of each crescent a large beaded ring -ornament
between two pear-shaped figures. There are
small pointed crosses in two of the spaces among
the leaves of the wreath.

Jiev, — VEP (VE in monogram) retrograde; [CO]RF;
an extremely disjointed horse to the left, his tail
forming the rim of a wheel.

It will be seen that this coin differs from those that
have already been published in having the VEP of the
legend retrograde, and in the very peculiar formation of
the tail of the horse. Nothing is known as to what the
legend VEP CORF was intended to designate, and it is
difficult to assign even a conjectural meaning to it. As
to the type of the coin, there can, however, be no doubt.
It is evidently a direct descendant of that of the Mace-
donian Philippus, though only the wreath and the horse
survive to prove the relationship; and the wheel-like
form of the tail of the horse is all that is left to remind
us of the chariot that was drawn by its better-formed
ancestors.

The cruciform objects on the obverse of the coin are
remarkable, as similar, though smaller crosses are fre-
quently found on the reverse of the gold coins of ANTE-
DRIGVS and others of the west of England, which it will
shortly be seen belong to nearly the same period as this.

As was the case with the discovery of ancient British
coins of the same class at Almondbury in 1829 — a locality
not many miles distant from Lightcliffe — these gold coins
were accompanied by a number of Roman denarii. At

BRITISH GOLD AND ROMAN SILVER COINS. 81

Almondbiuy these were all fapaily or consular coins ; but
at Lightcliffe there were found in addition several im-
perial coins^ including one of Caligula, with the reverse of
Agrippina, probably struck about a.d. 40. The testimony
of this coin is valuable, as affording an approximate date
for the gold coins supposed to have been struck by the
Brigantes, some of which belong in all probability to even
a later period. The recent discovery of British coins at
Nunney, near Frome, proves that the native coinage sur-
vived in the western parts of England till after the acces-
sion of Claudius, and there are good groxmds for believing
that that of the northern district may have continued
some years longer than it did in the west.

In the following list of the Eoman coins, it has been
thought best to preserve the descriptions as given to
Mr. Bateman, merely annexing references to Cohen's
^' Medailles Consulaires^' for the types. Of some of them
there were duplicates. It is stated that some of the silver
coins were, when foimd, coated with bitumen.

ACILIA.

05t;.— Head. SALVTI8.

Rev.-— Valetudo holding a serpent ; letters not easy to be
read. (Cohen, No. 3.)

Annia.

Ohv, — Female head, with the caduceus and the bilanx on
each side, with letters.

Rev, — Victory in a four-horse chariot, commemorative of a
victory in Spain. (Cohen, No. 1.)

Carisia.

Ohv, — Head of Victory.

Rev, — Two-horse chariot; beneath, T.CARISI. (Cohen,
No. 1.)

VOL. I. N.S. M

82 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

CONSIDIA.

Obv.— Female head; behind, PAETI.
Rev, — Four-horse chfiriot, with Victory ; under, . OON-
SIDL (Cohen, No. 4.)

O&v.-r^Helmeted head; no letters.

ifcv,— Four ahorse chariot; under, . CONSIDI. (Cohen,

No. 3.)

Cornelia.

06t;.^-Head of the Sibyl ; one consulting her, and holding
a palm-rbranch ; under, L . SVLL A.

iJet;.— Trophies; over, IMPER. ; under, ITERVM.
(Cohen, No. 17.)

Ohv, — Head, without letters.

Eev. — Four-.horse chariot ; beneath L . SCIP . ASIAG.
(Cohen, No. 3.)

05v.— Head. C . P , R.

i?et;.— EX . S.C . CN . LEN . Q. A garland, shield, and
circle. (Cohen, No. 10.)

Claudia,

Ohv. — Head of Diana ; her quiver behind,

Eev. — Goddess holding two torches ; around, M . F .
P. CLODIVS. (Cohen, No. 6.)

Crepereia.
Ohv. — Female head.

Rev. — Neptune driving two sea-horses, holding his trident.
Q . CREPER . M . F . ROC VS. (Cohen, No. 2.)

Eppia.

Ohv. — Head covered with an elephant's skin and proboscis ;
in front, an ear of corn; by the sides, SCIPIO
IMP.— Q METELL.

i?ct;.— Hercules leaning on his club. LEG.F.C.EPPIVS.
(Cohen, No. 1.)

british gold and roman silver coins. 88

Flaminia.

Ohv, — Female head ; by the side, PRI . FL«

JRev, — Two-horse chariot. L . FLA. (Cohen, No. 2.)

Julia*

06v.— Elephant; under CAESAR.

Rev, — Augurs* instruments and the axe. (Cohen, No. 10.)

Ohv, — Head of Venus.

Eev, — iEneas carrying his father, Anchises, on his back,
and holding the image of Pallas. CAESAR.
(Cohen, No. 9.)

Obv. — Head of Victory ; no letters.

Rev. — Neptune, with one foot on the globe, holding his
trident in his left hand, and the aplustre in his
right; by the side, CAESAR IMP. (Cohen,
No. 44.)

Ohv, — Head of Augustus ; no letters.

Rev, — The emperor standing in the rostrum of the forum,
by the side, IMP CAESAR. (Cohen, No. 58.)

JiTNIA.

06i;.— Female head; around it LIBERTAS.

Rev,— The lictors with Brutus ; under, BR VT VS. (Cohen,
No. 12.)

LUTATIA.

Ohv, — ^Helmeted head.

Rev, — An oak garland; inside, a galley ; above, Q. LVTATI ;
under, Q — . (Cohen, No. 3.)

Njivia.
Ohv, — Female head ; by the side, S . C.

Rev, — Three-horse chariot; under, . NAE . BALB.
(Cohen, No. 1.)

84 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

SCRIBONIA.

Ohv, — Covered head of Concord: around it, PAVLLVS
LEPIDVS CONCORDIA.

Eev. — The puteal in the forum; around it PVTEAL
SCRIBON. (Cohen, Aemilia, No. 10.)

Servilia.
Ohv, — Helmeted head.

Eev, — Victory in a two-horse chariot ; under, P . SERVILI.
M . F. (Cohen, No. 6.)

IMPERIAL.

Augustus.
Ohv.—Ee&d,
Eev, — Two shields. (Much broken.)

Ohv, — Head of Augustus ; no letters.

Eev.— A Capricorn; under, AVGVSTVS. (Cohen, No. 52
or 54.)

Caligula.

06v.— His head and titles, C CAESAR, &c,

Eev, — Agrippina's head, with letters. (Cohen, No. 2 or 3.)

J. E.

XII.

ON A.N UNPUBLISHED VARIETY OF THE COINS

OF ETHELSTAN, KING OF EAST ANGLIA.

(a.d. 825-852.)

[Read before the Numismatic Society, Feb. 21, 1861.]

Obv. h EDELSTAN . REX. Bust to the right.

Rev.-- + MON . MONET A. In three lines.

This variety is mentioned in Hawkins^ ^'Silver Coins/' ^
from a MS. list of Combers, which does not state in what
cabinet it exists, and Mr. Hawkins says that it is not now
known. Besides, it is there attributed, as many others,
without the head, to Guthnin, a Dane, who succeeded
St. Eadmund in 870, and who, on being converted to
Christianity, was baptized in 878 by the name of Ethel-
stan, and reigned down to 890. No mention is made of
a coin with the head.

According to Mr. HaigVs classification,^ this coin

* Hawkins' " Silver Coins of England," pp. 36, 37. 1841.
' ''An Essay on the Numismatic History of the ancient
kingdom of the East Angles," by D. H. Haigh. 1845.

86 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

belongs to Ethelstan, who was either the brother or son
of Ethelwulf, it is not certain which, and who is men-
tioned in the Saxon chronicles as having been appointed,
on the death of Ecgbeorht, deputy sovereign of the king-
doms which the latter had subdued, viz., Kent, Essex,
Surrey, and Sussex. His coins date from 825 to 852.
Those with the bust seem to be very rare. There are
three engraved in Haigh, — one from the cabinet of the
late Rev. T. F. Dymock, and the other two from that of
the late J. D. Cuff, Esq., but all different in the reverse
from this one. The obverse is similar to Nos. 4, 5, and 6,
on pi. i.; and the reverse is something like No. 7 on the
same plate, though this latter is a coin without the head,
and reads MOM + MOMETA, in three lines. As to
Ethelstan or Guthrun above mentioned, Mr. Haigh attri-
butes to him the coins which were first made known
to Nimiismatists by the Cuerdale find, with the legend
ED EL • TA . RE, ED . EL SAN RE, &c., fee, not one
coin of the twenty-four that were found, reading correctly
ED EL STAN RE.

The above coin may then be safely attributed to
Ethelstan I., King of the East Angles, from a.b. 825
to 852.

Nothing more can be said, save that this variety is in
excellent preservation, and is the only coin of Ethdstan I.
with the head, that the Museum possesses.

Fred. W. Mabden

XIII.

ON A COIN OF MALLU8 IN OILICIA.

Among the coins added to the National Collection by pur-
chase at the sale of the collection of Mr. James Whittall,
of Smyrna, one of the most remarkable is a silver piece
of the town of Mallus in Cilicia. The silver money of
this place is of extreme rarity ; and I believe that the
present is the only example in any collection in Eng-
land. It is also of a diflPerent type from any other of
which the description is known to me ; and I have little
doubt that it is unique.

It is not necessary to say anything as to the position
and history of Mallus, excepting that it is uncertain by
what people it was founded. Of the probable character
of the religion we must, however, speak briefly. At so
great a distance from Greece Proper, and where the influ-
ence of the earlier (I will not say the earliest) population
was evidently unextinguished by the Greek settlers, we must
not look for a purely Hellenic mythology. This, indeed, we
scarcely find in Asia Minor, excepting in those tracts on
the western coast where the Greek settlers had firmly esta-
blished themselves in such large numbers as to give new
territorial names to portions of the ancient countries. In
Ionia and in iE^lis alone can we expect to find Hellenic

88 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

religion generally free from the influence of an earlier local
belief. It is the more important to bear this in mind, as
our information is usually conveyed, whether in the forms
of art or in the words of literature, in a Greek shape, and
we are therefore apt to trace it to a Greek original. But
if we do so, we must make the Baal of Tarsus a Greek
Jupiter, and the Baal of Tyre a Greek Hercules.

From the few coins of Mallus known to us, the divinities
worshipped at that place and represented on its money
appear to have been Minerva, Mercury, Venus, Hercules,
and Bacchus — the first three, probably, having been the
chief objects of worship. Minerva has a perfectly Greek
character ; the same is the case with Mercury and Her-
cules ; Venus appears to have an Asiatic character, and
probably this may also be said of Bacchus. It may be
conjectured that the worship of Minerva and Mercury
was introduced by Greek colonists, the other divinities
being already reverenced by the older inhabitants.

The coin of Mallus forming the subject of this paper

may be thus described : —

Obv, — Minerva, seated to the left, holding a spear with her
right hand, and resting her left arm upon a shield ;
behind her, the trunk of a tree.

Rev, — MAA. Mercury standing, facing, wearing a
chlamys, and bearing in his right hand the cadu-
ceus. To his right, Venus, standing, turned to
the left, with her right arm on his shoulder, and
her left arm resting upon a column. 7R. Size, 5J.
Weight, 169 8 grs.

It may be remarked that it is difficult to distinguish
with certainty which is the obverse: according to the
general rule it would be as described, what I have called
the obverse being slightly convex. The supposed re-
verse is, however, the more important side.

The weight is 159*8 grains troy, which is rather below

ON A COIN OF MALLUS. 89

that of most specimens of the usual denomination of the
silver coins of Pamphylia and Cilicia. It would involve a
long inquiry to discuss fully the evidences of the origin
of this denomination ; but the chief facts may be briefly
stated. It may be supposed, on account of the fondness
of the Asiatics for divisions by three, to be two-thirds of a
tetradrachm which weighed not more than about 240
grains ; for we may at once dismiss the idea that it is a
debased iEginetan didrachm from our not finding any
pieces certainly of that talent in Asiatic Greece. The
standard of the supposed tetradrachm is too low to be
Attic, and we are therefore led to suppose it was what we
njay term the later Phoenician, with which it well corre-
sponds. In this case, each one of these Asiatic pieces
would be equal to two of the common Persian silver coins
with Daric types, of which three went to the tetradrachm,
which was of the later Phoenician weight.

The art of the coin is fair in character, and delicately,
but rather slightly, though stilfly executed. Were it of
Greece, or the west coast of Asia Minor, it would be
referred to the latest part of the fifth century, b.c; but
we have not a sufficient knowledge of the art of the Cilician
and Pamphylian cities to speak with so great certainty as
to the age of their coins. Probably, however, it is not later
in date than the first half of the following century. In
paany respects the style recalls the very beautiful coins, of
the same weight, struck at Celenderis in Cilicia, perhaps,
as a series, the finest of any issued by the cities of the
east of Asia Minor.

The obverse type requires no detailed explanation. It
simply represents Minerva seated, probably as the pro-
tector of the city. The reverse type is far more remarkable.
It would, at first sight, seem to represent Venus detaining

VOL. I. N.S. N

90 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

Mercury, as she is represented by ancient artists detaining
Mars. It might appear, therefore, to relate to the amour of
Mercury and Venus, from which sprang Hermaphroditus.
The circumstance, however, that Mercury, as already
shown, seems to have been here a Greek divinity, and
Venus an Asiatic one, appears to be fatal to this conjec-
ture. Even if we suppose the representation to be that
of this Greek myth, we cannot see any motive in Venus^s
resting upon a column. In late, and especially in Grseco-
Roman, designs, it is not unlikely that such an incon-
gruity might occur j but the fitness of every part of an
early Greek type does not allow any such latitude. The
column must imply rest, or stability, and is probably
connected with the foundation of the town, or, at leasts
in some manner distinctly refers to the place. A copper
Greek imperial coin of Mallus, struck under Herennia
Etruscilla, destroys the first explanation, and seems to sup-
port this. On its reverse, Mercury and Minerva are repre-
sented standing facing one another, while, on the ground
beneath them, is a pig. This would seem to intend an oath
taken by these divinities in favour of Mallus^ probably
for its protection. The composition is so similar to that
of the silver coin that a similar explanation must be
adopted for the latter. We should therefore suppose that
Mercury and Venus are represented upon it as protectors
or founders of the city, and that the same is the case
with Minerva on the other side, without hazarding any
more precise explanation. The only reason that we can
assign for the substitution of Minerva for Venus on the
Greek imperial coin, is that, the bust of the Empress
having usurped the place of the former, she took that of
Venus as the more important divinity.

R. S. POOLB.

XIV.

ON SOME UNPUBLISHED ROMAN COINS.

[Read before the Nomismatic Society, November 22, and December IS, i860.]

I HAVE much pleasure in laying before the Numismatic
Society this evening, casts of some Roman gold coins,
almost all unpublished, or else of types described as only
existing in silver in M. Cohen^s " Medailles Imperiales;'^
and also an impression of a rare and unpublished medallion
in bronze of the Emperor Hadrian. In a large and com-
prehensive work like that of M. Cohen^s, some errors and
omissions must necessarily occur. I have already fur-
nished him with a list of some of the omissions I have
noticed ; but as they have not yet appeared in print, and
when they do, can only appear in a " supplement,^^ or in
the ^'errata," I think it desirable that a more special
notice of them should be given.

Without further preface, I pass to the description of
the coins : —

Augustus.

06v.— CAESAR . AVGVSTVS. Head, to right, bare.

^ev.— MAR . VLT. (in field). Mars, helmeted, naked^
standing to the left, in a tetrastyle temple, holding
the legionary eagle and a standard.

Described in silver in Cohen. No. 168.

92 numismatic chronicle.

Claudius.

(1) Ohv.—TI . CLAVD . CAESAR . AVG . P . M . TR . P .

Villi . IMP . XVI. Head, to right, laureate.

Rev. — DE . BRITANN., written on a triumphal arch,
surmounted by an equestrian statue, to the left,
between two trophies.

There is here a slight difference from the coin reading
DE . BRITANNI., as the statue on that is to the right,
while here it is to the left.

(2) Ohv.^TI . CLAVD . CAESAR . AVG . P . M . TR .

P . VI . IMP. XI. Head, to right, laureate.

i?et;.—DE . GERMANIS. Same type.

Both these coins are described in silver in Cohen.
Nos. 16 and 25.

(3) Obv.—TI . CLAVD . CAESAR . AVG . P . M. TR . P .

Head, to right, laureate.

^cv.— IMPER . RECEPT., written on the pratorian
camp, at the door of which stands a soldier near
a military standard.

This coin is described in Cohen (No. 33) from Morell.
It is in the Museum.

Nero.

Ohv.^IMF .NERO . CAESAR . AVG .P.P. Head,

to right, laureate.

i?ct;.— IVPPITER . CVSTOS. Jupiter, seated, to the
left, holding a thunderbolt and sceptre.

Described in silver in Cohen. . No. 16.

Vespasian.

(1) Obv.— IMF . CAESAR . VESPA8IANVS . AVG. Head,

to right, laureate.

i?ct;.— COS . VII. Cow, walking, to the right.
Described in silver in Cohen. No. 57.

ON SOME UNPUBLISHED ROMAN COINS. 93

(2) Oftt;.— IMP . VESPA . CAESAR . AVGVS. Head, to
right, laureate.

Eev, — ROMA. Rome, helmeted, seated to the right, on
a shield, holding a spear and parazonium. Near
the shield is a sword. (?) (PI. iv. No. 1.)

This coin is unpublished. It is of colonial fabric, and
is one of the magnificent collection of Roman coins pre-
sented to the Museum by Mr. de Salis.

Titus.

(1) Obv.^T . CAESAR . IMP . VESPASIAN. Head, to

right, laureate.

i?ei;,— IMP . VIII. Bull, butting, to the right.
Described in silver in Cohen. No. 41.

(2) Obv.—T . CAESAR . IMP . VESPASIANVS. Head,

to right, laureate.

Rev. — COS . VI. Rome, seated, to the right, on two
shields, holding a spear; beneath the shields a
helmet. On either side, in the field, a bird flying ;
at her feet, Romulus and Remus, si^ckled by a
wolf.

Unpublished.

(3) Ohv.— IMP . TIT VS . C AES .VESPASIAN . A VG . P. M.

Head, to right, laureate.

Rev.-^TU . P . Villi . IMP . XIIII . COS . VII . P . P.

Quadriga, to the left ; on it a flower.

Described in Cohen (No. 77) from Wiczay. It is in the
Museum.

(4) 06w.— IMPERATOR . T . CAESAR . AVGVSTI . P.

Head, to right, laureate.

Rev. — AVG . EPHE . (PRE in monogram) in crown of
laurel. (PI. iv. No. 2.)

Described in silver in Cohen, (No. 7.) This coin was
struck at Ephesus, and was presented to the Museum by
Mr. de Salis.

94- NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

(5) OJt).— IMP . T . CAESAR . VESPASIAN VS. Head^ to
right, laureate, with the cegis,

i?ct^.— CONCORDIA . A VG. Concord, seated, to the left,
holding a patera and Cornucopice.

Of colonial fabric. Unpublished.

(6, 7) Ohv—T . CAES . IMP . VESP . CEN . and CENS Head,
to right, laureate.

Rev, — PAX . AVG. Peace, standing, to the left, near a
tripod, on which is the purse of Mercury, (?) or
a wine -bag (a<y*:off), holding a caduceus and olive-
branch, her left arm resting on a pillar. (PI. iv.
No. 3.)

These two coins are unpublished, and diflPer from the coin
of Titus in Cohen (No. 53). The object represented on the
tripod seems never to have been satisfactorily explained.
Eckhel, in his " Cat. Mus. Vindob./^ describes it as ^' Tri-
pus, super quo, comu-copise ; '' but certainly nothing resem-
bling a cornu-copiee can be seen on the coins in the Museum.
Morell is at a loss too> and says, ^' Tripus, in quo quoddam
obscurius expressum reperitur repositum/^ he also suggests
^' hostiae femur .^^ M . Cohen, in his description of two similar
types of Vespasian, calls it " la bourse de Mercure." Now,
judging from the four specimens in the British Museum, —
two of Vespasian, and two of Titus, — I am rather inclined
to think that it much resembles a wine-bag (aaicoc) i and
*as the tripod was often used as an altar, it seems not at
all improbable for wine to have been sacrificed at the time
of peace. The question is not one of much moment ; but
if these minutiae can be accurately ascertained, the coin is
better described.

DOMITIAN.

OJi;.— CAES . AVG . P . DOMIT . COS . III. Head, to
right, laureate.

ON SOME UNPUBLISHED ROMAN COINS. 9£f

i?6i;.— PRTNOTPS . (sic) IV VENT VT. Female figure
(Hope), walking, to the right, holding a flower in
her right hand, aud raising her rohe with her left.

Diflfers from Cohen (No. 203) in the legend.

Neh-va.

Obv.—IUF . NERVA . OAES . AVG . P . M , TR . P .
COS . Ill . P . p. Head, to right, laureate.

i?ei;.— VICTO RI A . A VGVST. Victory, walldng, to the
right, holding a wreath and palm. (PL iv. No. 4.)
A quinarius.

Tlus coin is unpublished. Mr. Wigan^s coin, given in
Cohen (No. 61), is of the second consulate.

Trajan.

(1) Obv.— IMF . C AE8 . NER . TR AI ANO . OPTIMO . AVG.

QER . DAC. Bust, to right, laureate, with jpa-
Hdammtum and puirass.

Rev.—YOTX . S VSOEPTA (in exergue) P . M . TR . P .
COS . VI . P . P . 8 . P . Q . R. The emperor,
standing, to the right, before an altar, holding a
sceptre. On the opposite side, Genius, standing,
to the left, holding a patera and cornu;Copiae.
(PL iv. No. 5.)

Unpublished.

(2) 06t;.— DIVO . TRAIANO . PARTH . AVG . PATRI.

Bust, to right, laureate, with paludamentum and
cuiri^ss.

Eev, — IJo legend. Phoenix, to the right, mtJiQut the branch
of laurel, (Struck after his death.) (PL iv.
No. 6.)

The usual type of this coin is the Phoenix standing on
a laurel-branch. This variety is unpublished^ and was
purchased for ^e Mus^un^ at the Ute Lord J^orthwicVs
sale.

06 numismatic chronicle.

Trajan and Trajan Sen,

Olv.—IMF . TRAIANVS . AVG . GER . DAC .P.M.
TR . P. COS . VI . P . P. Bust, to right, laureate,
with paludamentum and cuirass.

i?ci;.— DI VVS . PATER . TRAIAN. Bust to right, bare,
with paludamentum.

Unpublished.

Hadrian.

(1) Oftv.— HADRTANVS . AVG . COS . Ill . P . P. Head,

to the left, bare.

i?«t;.— ADVENTVI . AVG . APRICAE. The emperor,
and the personification of Africa standing facing;
between them a tripod. The Emperor, to the right,
raises his hand, and Africa, to the left (with trunk
of an elephant on her head), holds a patera and
branch; at her feet a calf. (?) (PL iv. No. 7.)

This coin is described in Cohen (No. 56) from Caylus.
The object at the feet of Africa is there called a lion, but
it far more resembles a calf,

(2) 05v.— HADRIANVS . AVG . COS . Ill , P . P. Ba^

bust, to right, with paludamentum,

i?ci;.— ROMA . AETERNA. Rome, helmeted, seated, to
the left, on a cuirass, holding the heads of sun and
moon in her right hand, ^nd speitr in her left;
behind her a shield.

Cohen (No. 463) gives this same type, with the legend
ROMAE . AETERNAE. This may be an error of the
printer, and the coin I describe may be the same. There
is also a variety in the Museum — Head, to right, bare,
without the paludamentum.

(3) Oftv.— DI V VS . HAD RIAN VS . AVG. Head, to right,

laureate.

i?cp.— -CONSECRATIO. Eagle, conveying Hadrian to
heaven. (PI. iv. No. 8.)

ON SOME UNPUBLISHED BOMAN COINS. 97

M. Cohen was not aware that the British Museum pos-
sessed this coin^ as^ after his description of it^ he has put
*' Catalogue du Cabinet des Medailles de 1700/^ It was
purchased at Lord NorthwicVs sale.

(4) OJv.— HADRIANVS . AVGVSTVS .P.P. Head, to

right, tadiate.

Eev. — COS . III. Salug, half-naked, fltanding, to the right,
holding an uncertain object in her right, and
placing her left on the shoulder of young figure
{ Antinoiifl ?), naked^ but with a mantle flowing
from his left shoulder over the arm, standings
facing, and holding a " scipio," round which is
entwined a serpent; behind him, the statue of
Apollo, on a pedestal, holding in his outstretched
hand a bow. (?) M, Medallion. Size 8*
(PI. V. No. 3.)

This rare and curious medallion was purchased for the
British Museum at the late Lord Northwick*s sale, and
the type is described in the catalogue as ^^ ^sculapius and
Hygieia; and behind, the statue of Priapus on a base.^'
IVl. Cohen has described a large brass coin of Hadrian,^
from Vaillant, the legend of the obverse wanting, and the
reverse, COS . Ill . S . C. ^' Salus presenting a stick, round
which is entwined a serpent, to young Hercules, naked,
standing, and carrying a ^ strophium' on the left arm :
behind him, the column of Tr^an.^^ Evidently, from this
vague description of Vaillant^s, the coin he had seen must
have been in indiflferent preservation- M. Cohen did not
know of the existence of this medallion until I showed it
to him when he was last in England. He then referred
me to the above-quoted large brass of Hadrian, and
there can be no doubt that these are one and the same
coin.

' ''Medailles Imp^riales," vol. ii. p. 192, No. 732.

VOL. I. N.S. O

98 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

There are three opinions concerning the male figure,
whether it is ^sculapius, young Hercules, or Antinous ?
and there are three concerning the statue, whether it is
that of Priapus, or the column of Trajan, or that of
Apollo ? For my part, I do not think it is ^sculapius,
for it is a young figure, and though Mionnet describes a
young jEsculapius on coins of Parium, in Mysia, with
which description Mr. Poole does not agree, I am far more
inclined to think it young Hercules or Antinous, but
especially Antinous. The object in the backgromid is not
the statue of Priapus, nor do I think it the column of
Trajan, the statue of Apollo being far more in accordance
with the type.

I can make another suggestion. Is it Antinous a»
Apollo ? for often he is represented on coins in the form
of a young god — Bacchus, Mercury, and especially Apollo;
and we find in Ovid that Apollo and Bacchus were con-
sidered the handsomest of the gods, Sappho thus addressing
her lover, Phaon,

" Snme fidem et pharetram, fies manifestus Apollo,
Accedant capiti cornua, Bacchus eris."

In conclusion; should not the three figures be (as I
have here described them) those of Salus, Antinous, and
Apollo, the god of health ? The extravagant aflTection of
Hadrian for Antinous, shown in his deep lamentations for
his death, might easily have caused a medallion to have
been struck in commemoration of his recovery from some
slight illness.

The work of this medallion is unusual ; it more resembles
that of a gem. Notwithstanding that it is not in first-
rate preservation, it is still a very fine coin.

on some unpublished roman coins. 99

Antoninus.

(1) 05t?.— ANTONINVS . AVG . PIVS • P . P . TR . P .

COS . III. Head, to right, laureate.

JB^r.— IMPERA^'OR . II. Victory, on a globe, to the
left, holding a wreath and palm. Quinarius.
(PI. iv. No. 9.)

Described in Cohen (No. 162) with '' Musee Jlepolo'*
after it. The British Museum possesses it.

(2) 0^e;.-ANTONmVS • AVG . PIVS .P.P. Head, to

right, laureate.

- i?et?.— LIB . V. (in field) COS . IIII. Liberality, standing,
to the left, holding a tessera and cornucopiae.

Unpublished.

Faustina, Sen.

Ohv.^mYK . AVGVSTA . FAVSTINA. Bust, to
right.

Eev, — iEX . S . 0. Carpentum, to the right, drawn by two
mules.

Unpublished.

L. Verus.

(i) Olv.-^h . AVREL . VERVS . AVG. Bust, to right, bare.

i?^i;.— TR . POT . COS . II. Providence, standing, to the
left, holding globe and cornucopi«. Quinarius.
(PI. iv. No. 10.)

The inscription on the reverse differs from Cohen
(No. 44).

(2) 05t;.—L .VERVS . AVG . PARTH . ARM . MAX. Bust,
to right, laureate, with paludamentum and cuirass.

^(W.— TR . P . VI . IMP . Ill . COS . II. Verus, gallop,
ing, to the right, holding a spear, which he is
levelling at a prostrate foe.

This same type occurs with the fifth year of the Tribu-
nitian power. Cohen, (No, 66.)

ON SOME UNPUBLISHED ROMAN COI?JS. 101

I must return to mention a rare type of Caracalla : it
may be described as follows : —

05v.— ANTONINVS . PIVS . AVG. Young bust, to
right, laureate, with paludamentum and cuirass.

iJ^t;.— LAETITIA.TEMPORUM. The vessel of the
circus in full sail; above are four quadrlgse, to
the left, two on each side of the sail; beneath, are
a lion and two deer, or antelopes (?), to the right,
and a bull and a panther to the left; on the right
side of the vessel is a bear, and on the left an
ostrich. (PI. V. No. 4.)

M. Cohen has published this coin, but has not described
it fully. There is an engraving in his work of a coin of
Severus, in silver^ of nearly the same type^— the type in
gold of that emperor being mentioned by Vaillant, but
not known to exist. Now this gold coin of Caracalla
gives so many more details than have been described, that
I feel myself quite justified in specially making mention
of it, and at the same time it may not be uninteresting if
a few remarks are made on the occasion of this coin being
struck. After the overthrow of Albinus, which took place
in 950 (a.d. 197), Caracalla was styled "Destinatus Im-
perator.^^ In 951 (a.d. 198), when only ten years of age,
he was invested with the tribunitian power, and created
Augttsttis. His father, Severus, entered upon his third
consulship in Syria, in 955 (a.d. 202), taking him as a
colleague. This same year they returned to Rome, to
celebrate the " decennalia^' and the nuptials of Caracalla
with Plautilla, and great fStes and shows are given in
honour of the event. In Dion Cassius mention is made
of a structure in the form of a ship, which was placed in
the amphitheatre, capable of holding four b^ndred T^ild
beasts; and it is stated that, on the ship suddeply falling to
pieces, there bounded out bears, lionesses, panthers, lions.

ON SOME REMARKABLE GREEK COINS. 105

is almost unique, as only two or three other specimens are
known to exist. One of them is in the collection of the
Bodleian Library, but is far inferior to the one engraved
here, and, at the same time, slightly different from it.
The coin before me was obtained by Professor Verkovich,
Professor of Latin at Belgrade, while travelling in northern
Macedonia, at a place called Istib ; and the fact of its
discovery in this locality goes far to establish the cor-
rectness of the attribution. The type of the reverse
bears much resemblance to that on some of the coins
of Sicily; at the same time, the workmanship is much
more rude than that of any of the Sicilian coins. It
should be remembered, in studying this peculiar type,
that the bulls on the obverse of the coins of Geta, Kiifg
of the Edonians, exhibit a striking analogy with the ox
on the present coin — a circumstance which is the more
important in determining its date, as this peculiar repre-
sentation of the animal is not found elsewhere, while
the date I assign to this coin of about 500 to 550 b.c.
is not much earlier than that of Geta. It weighs
624-3 grs.

The next coin to which I call the attention of the
Society is a very fine specimen of the coinage of Philip V.
of Macedonia, procured also from Professor Verkovich.
It forms No. 2 in PL vi., and may be described as
follows : —

Ohv. — Head of Philippus V., to the right, bearded and
di^dem^ic.

i?«;.— BA2IAEQS ^lAinnoY. Pallas, striding, to the left,
with her right hurling her thunderbolt ; over left
arm, the segis ; before her the monogram 2P •
behind her the monogram EP. M, Size, 9|
Weight, .209 grs.

VOL. I. N.S. P

106 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

This coin, which is in splendid condition, is, for this
size, the tetradrachm, nearly unique. There is one in
General Fox^s collection, but it is not nearly so fine,
and has also received some injury on one side. In the
didrachm and drachm sizes, it is less rare, but the type of
the reverse appears invariably to be that of a club, with
the letters of the name within a wreath of oak leaves. As
is well known, the almost universal type on the obverse of
the tetradrachms of this king is the head of the mythical
hero, Perseus, with the harpa behind the neck, in the
centre of a Macedonian shield. The reason of this type
is probably as suggested by Colonel Leake, because Philip
pretended a lineal descent from this hero when he was
unable to prove his connection with the royal house of
Macedon, which had been wholly destroyed by Cassander.
His true ancestor was Antigonus, Rex Asiae, who was
himself descended from ^n ancient Argive family, which
colonized Macedonia at a very early period.

3. The next coin, which is engraved as No. 3 in the
plate, was also procured frpm Professor Verkovich, and
is a magnificent specimen of the coinage of Abdera, in
Thrace. It represents :—

Ohv. — Griffin, seated, to left, with the wings extended.

Rev, — MEAANinnos, placed round a square, in the centre
of which is a helmeted he^d, perhaps that of
Minerva. M- Size, 5^. Weight, 193'5 grs.

The name Melanippus is, I believe, new, and has not
been met with before on the not otherwise rare didrachms
of this town. It may be remarked that, as the place was
colonized by the people of Teos under the leadership of
Anacreon, the Ionic dialect prevailed in this Thracian
town, and also that the griffin, the usual type of the money
of Teos, was adopted at Abdera ; hence, where there is no

ON SOME REMARKABLE GREEK COINS. 107

legend, there is always some doubt whether the coin
belongs to Teos or Abdera. In the present instance we
need have no doubt, as apart from the evidence of the
weight, this specimen, like the others to which I have
already alluded, was procured by Professor Verkovich
himself, during his wanderings in Upper Macedonia. As
a general rule, the most Archaic in style belong to Teos,
the later and finer to Abdera.

The fourth coin to which I* call attention is one that
belonged to the late Lord Northwick, and was procured
for the British Museum at the sale of his coins. It is
engraved as No. 4 in the plate, and is a coin of Elis.

Ohv. — Zens Olympins, seated, to the left, with a bird flying
from his extended right hand.

Rev. — An eagle, flying, with a serpent in his mouth, and
in the field, Faa, retrograde. The whole within
a sunk square. M. Size, 5. Weight, 185| grs.

This a very remarkable and uncommon specimen of the
coinage of Elis. It belongs to an Archaic period, pro-
bably at least as early as the commencement of the Pelo-
ponnesian war. The head of Zeus was, as is well known,
a frequent type of Elis, and the eagle is of course Used
with a reference to him. Connected with the worship of
Zeus, we find also that of Hera, and some of the finest
specimens preserved of Greek coinage, as those of Elis,
give the head of the Greek Juno, surmounted with the
high diadem, as the symbol of her supremacy among the
goddesses.

The last coin to which I shall on the present occasion
invite your attention, is a magnificent and extremely rare
coin of Delphi, which I may describe as follows. It forms
No. 5 in the plate.

l^lmL. Chrvfh.X. S. Vol. I, Fl. IV.

J}j?iy>. ( y^i/h^rn. . (ieJ.- et S

UNPUBLISHED ROMAN COINS.

Jicm.OhromJ.S.VolXFiy.

Jo?!fi /^^Tj^'m, J/-1 et Scu^.

UNPUBLISHED ROMAN COINS.

ON SOME UNPUBLISHED ROMAN COINS. 103

calla and Plautilla, standing, joining hands; between
them, Concord, standing ;^^* the other, with the legend
PROP AGO . IMPERI. '' Plautilla and CaracaUa, join-
ing hands ;^^^ besides there are several others that were
struck during the years 955-960 (a.d. 202-207), in which
year, as I have before stated, Severus left Rome for
Britain.

This coin is in so perfect a condition, that I have thought
it worthy of engraving, that in Cohen, of the silver coin
of Severus, not at all giving a good idea of the type.
Whether my description is recognisable with the objects
represented, I leave others to judge.

Macrinus.

Ohv.—IMV .CM. OPEL . SEV . MACRINVS . A VG.

Bust, to right, with paludamentum and cuirass.

i?^t;.— PONTIF . MAX . TR . P . II . COS . II . P . P.

Emperor in quadriga, to the left, holding a branch
and the reins, and crowned by Victory, standing'
behind him. (PI. v. No. 5.)

Unpublished.

Fred. W. Madden.

* This coin, in gold, is in the British Museum and in the
cabinet of Mr. E. Wigan.

' Only in gold. Mus^e de Vienne.

104

XY.

ON SOME REMARKABLE GREEK COINS LATELY
ACQUIRED BY THE BRITISH MUSEUM.

[Read before the Numismatic Society, December 15, 1859.]

1 HAVE much pleasure in laying before the Society a short
account of some remarkable Greek coins which have been
lately acquired by the British Museum.

The first to which I call attention is a very remarkable
dodecadrachm, belonging unquestionably to Macedonia or
Thrace, and of very early date. It is engraved in PL vi.
No. 1, and may be described as follows : —

Ohv, — A figure seated in a chariot, to the right, drawn by
oxen, holding in his right hand a whip; above
the oxen is a helmet, and underneath a flower —
perhaps a lotus. The chariot wheel has four
spokes.

Rev. — A large triquetra within a square, in each Angle of
which is the same flower as under the oxen on
the obverse. M, Size 11 J. Weight 624-3 grs.

It is impossible to determine to what king, people> or
city of Macedon or Thrace this remarkable coin belongs ;
but there can be no doubt that it tnust have been struck
at a very early period, the whole of the workmanship
being most Archaic in character. In proof of this, let
any one look at the form of the helmet on the coin, and
then compare it with some of the Greek helmets stiU in
existence (as for instance. Colonel Leake's from Olympia,
or Sir W. Templets, both now in the Museum), the dates
of which can be given, at least approximately. The coin

Num. OhranXS. Vol.L fl. W.

Jfi^ dSBjf^ff^ dd «^ J<M^

REMARKABLE GREEK COINS.

ON SOME REMARKABLE GREEK COINS. 105

IS almost unique, as only two or three other specimens are
known to exist. One of them is in the collection of the
Bodleian Library, but is far inferior to the one engraved
here, and, at the same time, slightly different from it.
The coin before me was obtained by Professor Verkovich,
Professor of Latin at Belgrade, while travelling in northern
Macedonia, at a place called Istib ; and the fact of its
discovery in this locality goes far to establish the cor-
rectness of the attribution. The type of the reverse
bears much resemblance to that on some of the coins
of Sicily; at the same time, the workmanship is much
more rude than that of any of the Sicilian coins. It
should be remembered, in studying this peculiar type,
that the bulls on the obverse of the coins of Geta, Kitfg
of the Edonians, exhibit a striking analogy with the ox
on the present coin — a circumstance which is the more
important in determining its date, as this peculiar repre-
sentation of the animal is not foimd elsewhere, while
the date I assign to this coin of about 500 to 550 b.c.
is not much earlier than that of Geta. It weighs
624-3 grs.

The next coin to which I call the attention of the
Society is a very fine specimen of the coinage of Philip V.
of Macedonia, procured also from Professor Verkovich.
It forms No. 2 in PI. vi., and may be described as
follows : —

Ohv* — Head of Phi^ippus V., to the right, bearded and
di^dem^ic.

7?^.— BA2IABQ2 ^lAinnoY. Pallas, striding, to the left,
with her right hurling her thunderbolt ; over left
arm, the aegis; before her the monogram 2P;
behind her the monogram EP. M, Size, 9|
Weight, ^09 grs.

VOL. I. N.S. P

106 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

This coin, which is in splendid condition, is, for this
size, the tetradrachm, nearly unique. There is one in
General Fox^s collection, but it is not nearly so fine,
and has also received some injury on one side. In the
didrachm and drachm sizes, it is less rare, but the type of
the reverse appears invariably to be that of a club, with
the letters of the name within a wreath of oak leaves. As
is well known, the almost universal type on the obverse of
the tetradrachms of this king is the head of the mythical
hero, Perseus, with the harpa behind the neck, in the
centre of a Macedonian shield. The reason of this type
is probably as suggested by Colonel Leake, because Philip
pretended a lineal descent from this hero when he was
unable to prove his connection with the royal house of
Macedon, which had been wholly destroyed by Cassander.
His true ancestor was Antigonus, Rex Asise, who was
himself descended from an ancient Argive family, which
colonized Macedonia at a very early period.

3. The next coin, which is engraved as No. 3 in the
plate, was also procured frpm Professor Verkovich, and
is a magnificent specimen of the coinage of Abdera, in
Thrace. It represents :--

Ohv. — Griffin, seated, to left, with the wings extended.

Rev, — MEAANinnos, placed round a square, in the centre
of which is a helmeted he^d, perhaps that of
Minerva. M- Size, 5^. Weight, 193*5 gra.

ON SOME REMARKABLE GREEK COINS. 107

legend, there is always some doubt whether the coin
belongs to Teos or Abdera. In the present instance we
need have no doubt, as apart from the evidence of the
weight, this specimen, like the others to which I have
already alluded, was procured by Professor Verkovich
himself, during his wanderings in Upper Macedonia, As
a general rule, the most Archaic in style belong to Teos,
the later and finer to Abdera.

Ohv. — Zens Olympins, seated, to the left, with a bird flying
from his extended right hand.

Rev. — An eagle, flying, with a serpent in his mouth, and
in the field, Faa, retrograde. The whole within
a sunk square. M, Size, 5. Weight, 185J grs.

This a very remarkable and uncommon specimen of the
coinage of Elis. It belongs to an Archaic period, pro-
bably at least as early as the commencement of the Pelo-
ponnesian war. The head of Zeus was, as is well known,
a frequent type of Elis, and the eagle is of course used
with a reference to him. Connected with the worship of
Zeus, we find also that of Hera, and some of the finest
specimens preserved of Greek coinage, as those of Elis,
give the head of the Greek Juno, surmounted with the
high diadem, as the symbol of her supremacy among the
goddesses.

The last coin to which I shall on the present occasion
invite your attention, is a magnificent and extremely rare
coin of Delphi, which I may describe as follows. It forms
No. 5 in the plate.

108 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

Oiy.— Veiled head of Ceres, to the right.

Rev. — AM*IKTI0NQN. Apollo of Delphi, seated, to the
left, on a richly ornamented seat, his head sup-
ported on his right arm, which again rests upon
a lyre, and with the left holding a small branch
of laurel, which passes over the left shoulder. In
the field, a small tripod. M. Size, 5J. Weight,
188 grs.

This is one of the most rare coins of Delphi; indeed
tliere are but three or four of this type known. They are
quite unlike the usual types of this celebrated place ; but
at the same time there is no reason to doubt the cor-
rectness of the attribution. It is well known that the
Amphictyonic Council met at Delphi; and it has been
supposed with much probability that the coins bearing
this type refer to this event. If so, they are rightly
judged to be among the most interesting of the Greek
coins, as well as among the most beautiful in point
of execution. The ordinary coins of Delphi, like the
common coins of Athens, have nothing in consonance
with the celebrity of the place to which they belong;
they are insignificant, and even poor, in execution.
Delphi is supposed to have derived both of its other and
more usual types — the heads of the ram and the goat —
from Crete; but this is, I think, difficult of satisfactory-
proof.

W. S. W. Vaux.

109

ON AN ENGLISH JETTON, OR PATTERN-PIECE.

For the opportunity of making our readers acquainted
with the remarkable silver jetton, or pattern-piece, of
which a representation is given above, we are indebted
to the courtesy of Mr. Webster, of Russell Street, Covent
Garden, into whose hands the original has lately fallen.
The woodcut gives so faithful a picture of the piece, that
it is needless to enter into any detailed description of it.
It is difficult to say which is the obverse and which is the
reverse of a medal of this kind, on which there is neither
head nor title for our guidance, and where both types seem
of equal importance. The engraver has, however, selected
the side on which appear the three crowns, in pale, for the
obverse, and has done so, possibly, from finding on the
other side five terminations of a cross fleury, alternating
with the lions passant, which are placed around the rose ;
inasmuch as they are similar to those on the reverse of
our English nobles. There cannot be the least doubt that
the types of both obverse and reverse, whichever way we
may take this curious piece, are suc^i a3 to prove it to

lid NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

belong to this country. The diificulty is to determine at
what period and on what occasion it was struck, and what
are the allusions contained in the two mottoes which
appear upon it ; and on these points we must confess our-
selves unable to give any very decided opinion. The type
of the three crowns, in pale, is frequently found upon the
Irish coins of Edward IV., Richard III. and Henry VII. ;
and good reason has been shown for considering them to
have been the ancient arms of the kingdom of Ireland.^
Mr. J. GoUgh Nichols, who has been kind enough to favour
us with some remarks upon this singular piece, is inclined
to connect it with the Irish coinage; and, under any
circumstances, it seems probable that the three crowns on
the one side bear reference to Ireland, in the same
manner that the expanded rose on the other side is
emblematic of England. The three crowns, however,
ceased to appear on the coins of Ireland in the days of
Henry VII. ; whereas, from the fabric and style of the
piece under consideration, it belongs to a period decidedly
more recent, and many years after the harp had supplanted
the three crowns on the Irish coinage.

If the three crowns are to be taken, as has been suggested
in another quarter, as those of the three kingdoms of
England, Scotland, and Ireland, we must regard the piece
as a jetton, or pattern, struck, under. James I., in honour
of the union of the three kingdoms ; but the mottoes seem
hardly appropriate in this case, especially when we con-
sider the pointed allusion to the union that are to be
found on many of the coins of James, such as ^^ Quae Deus
conjunxit nemo separet,^^ ^^ Henricus rosas regna Jacobus,^'

» See SainthiU'a " Olla Podrida," vol. i. p. 166 ; vol. ii. p. 60;
Gent:s Mag.f June, 1845, p. 603 ; and Jirc^. Journ, vol. ix.p. 23.

ON AN ENGLISH JETTON, OR PATTERN-PIECE. Ill

" Tueatur iinita Deus/^ &c. It seems probable, therefore,
that some other attribution must be sought, and Mr.
Webster is inclined to regard the coin as having been
struck by the adherents of Lady Jane Grey, in the year
1553, immediately after the death of her cousin, Edward VI.
It is certainly very remarkable, as confirmatory of this
suggestion, that, on the reverse of a forged shilling of
Lady Jane Grey, probably fabricated about the close of
the last century, the same motto— ^^ Si Deus nobiscum
quis contra nos^^ — ^is to be found, as appears on this
undoubtedly genuine piece. This would giv^ a presumption
that the motto in question had been assumed by " Jane
the Quene,^^ or her party, and was, therefore, adopted by
the fabricator of her spurious coin, as appropriate for his
purpose ; still, we have not, at present, been able to find
any documentary evidence of the motto having been used
by Lady Jane Grey, or the Northumberland party. It is,
however, a curious fact, in connection with the present
inquiry, that this motto — ^^ Si Deus nobiscum quis contra
nos '* — is prefixed to that violent attack on the Northum-
berland party — the Pistel, or Letter, of poor Pratte, sent to
Gilbert Potter, in the tyme when he was in prison, for
speakinge on our most true Quene's part, the Lady Mary,
before he had his ears cut of?

Without committing ourselves to any of the suggestions
which are here put forth, we invite attention to this curious
jetton, or pattern-piece, in the hope that some corre-
spondent may be able to penetrate the mystery with which
it is now enveloped, and point out its connection with
some event of English history, which, in all probability,
it was intended to commemorate. J. E.

2 See the " Chronicle of Qneen Jane." Camd. Soc. 1850,
p. 115, Edited by J. Gough Nichols, Esq., F.S.A.

113

XVII.

"THE THREE VALENTINIANS."

In Eckhel, Mionnet, and Akerman, we read that the
coins of Valentinianus II., excepting when they are spe-
cially marked by the epithet of IVNior, are not able to be
distinguished from those of Valentinianus I., nor from
those of Valentinianus III. when this latter is not called
PLAcidius. Yet, from a careful comparison, the coins
speak for themselves. Valentinianus I. is represented on
his coins as a strong, stout, full-faced man; Ammianus
Marcellinus^ says, ^^ Corpus ejus lacertosum et validum/'
while Valentinianus II. is represented as a young man. It is
well known that when the younger Valentinianus ascended
the throne with Gratianus after his father^s death> he was
then only four or five years of age, and that when he died
he was only a few months above twenty. Possessing this
knowledge, the difficulty of comparison between the coins
of the man and those of a boy is considerably lessened,
and in order to help in preventing any mistakes that might
arise, I here give a complete list of all the coins in the
British Museum without the word IVNior, and which it
is utterly impossible — chiefly from the style of fiace, and
partly on account of some of the mint-marks, which do
not appear in the time of Valentinianus I. — to give to any
but Valentinianus the son. As to Valentinianus III., the
types of the obverses and reverses, which resemble those

^ Amm. Marcell. xxx. 9.

THE THREE VALENTINIANS. 113

of the other emperors of the period, are suflBcient warrant
for their attribution. His coins in the Museum without
the name PLAcidius, being only two, I give them at the
end of the paper.

1. Oiv.— D.N VALENTINIANVS.P.F.AVG. Bust, to

right, diademed.

Rev.—YOTK . PVBLICA. River-god (the Nile), seated
on ground, to the left, holding in right hand a
boat, and in left a sceptre, and leaning left arm
on an overturned vase, from which water is
flowing. M, III.

Treviri (Treves.)

2. OJt;.— D.N.VALENTINIANyS.P.F.AVG. Bust,

to right, diademed, with paludamentum and
cuirass.

i^^t;.— VICTORIA . AVGG. The Emperors of the West
and East, both with a nimbus, seated, facing,
holding between them a globe; above, behind
them, Victory, standing ; on the ground, between
their knees a palm. In field, left and ri^ht,
T-R. (Treviris.) In exergue, COM. (Constan-
tinse [Aries] moneta.) W.

3. Ohv, — The legend and bust being the same, I shall only

mention reverses till there is any difference.

i2^._VIRTVS . EXERCITVS. Emperor, standing, to
left, holding the laharum^ and resting left hand
on shield. In exergue, TR. P.S. (Treviris pe-
cunia signata.) M, (large).

4. VIRTVS . ROMANORVM. Rome, helmeted, seated on

cuirass, to left, holding Victory on a globe, and
reversed spear. In exergue, TR. P.S. M,

LuGDUNUM (Lyons.)

5. VICTORIA . AVGG. The two Emperors of the West
and East, seated, &c. In field, left and right,
L-D. (Lugduno ) In exergue, COM. (Constan-
tin» moneta.) If.

VOL. I. N.S. Q

114 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

6. VEBS . EOMA. Rome, helmeted, seated to left, holding

Victory on globe, and sceptre. In exergue,
LVG. P.S (Lugduno pecunia signata.) M.

7. VICTORIA . AVGGG. Victory, walking, to lef^ hold-

ing wreath and palm. In exergne LVG . P.
(prima). M. III.

CONSTANTINA (ArlcS.)

8. VICTORIA , AVGG. The two Emperors of the West

and East, <fec. In exergue, COM, (Constantinae

moneta.) W.

9. VICTORIA . AVGGG. Same type as No. 7. In exergue,

P . CON. (Prima Constantina.) M. III.

Roma (Rome).

10. CONCORDIA . AVGGG. Female figure (Rome?) hel-

meted, seated on a chair with lions' heads,
and placing right foot on prow, holding sceptre
and globe, which is starred. In exergue,
COMOB. (Constantinse moneta 72.) ^.

11. VICTORIA . AVGVSTORVM. Victory, walking, to

right, dragging captive in right hand, and hold-
ing trophy over left shoulder. In exergue, R . P.
(Roma prima.) M, (large.)

13. VRBS . ROMA. Same type as No. 4, In exergue, R.B.

(Rom^ 2.) M.

13, Ohv, — Same legend. Bust, to right, helmeted, ynthpaluda-
mentum and cuirass, showing both hands, the right
holding a sceptre, on the top of which is a globe,
with the monogram of Christ, and the left hold-
ing a shield.

i?(W.— GLORIA . ROMANORVM. Rome, helmeted,
seated on shield, holding Victory on globe, and
reversed spear. In exergue, S . M . R . Q. (Signata
moneta Roma quarta.) M, II.

14t. Jr.— Same legend. Bust, to right, diademed, with pcdu-
damentum and cuirass.

THE THREE VALENTINIANS. 115

J?^t?*— KEPARATIO . REIPVB. Emperor, standing, to
left, holding in left hand a Victory on globe, and
lifting with right a female, turreted, kneeling on
right knee before him. In exergue, S . M . R . B.
(Signata moneta Rom^ secunda.) ^. 11.

15. CONCORDIA. AVGGG. Rome, helmeted, seated, facing,

looking to left, holding globe, and reversed spear.
In exergue, S . M . R , T. (Signata moneta Roma
tertia.) M. III.

16. VICTORIA . AVGGG. (?) Two Victories, standing op.

posite each other. In exergue, R . T. (Rom^
tertia.) M. III.

Mediolanum (Milan.)

17. CONCORDIA. AVGGG, 9(9.) Female figure (Roma?),

helmeted, seated, holding sceptre, which rests on
prow, and a shield restin.o^ on a stick, on which
is inscribed VOT . X . MVLT . XX. In exergue,
MDOB. (Mediolano 72.) N.

18. VIRTVS . ROMANORVM. Same type as No. 15.

In exergue, MD. P.S. (Mediolano pecunia sig*-
nata.) M.

19. VICTORIA . AVGGG. Same type as No. 16. In

exergue, MD. P.S. M. III.

Aquileia.

20. VICTORIA . AVGG. The two Emperors of the West

and East, <fec. In field, left and right, A-»Q.
(Aquileia.) In exergue, COM. (Constantinas
moneta.) Jf,

21. VIRTVS ROMANORVM. Same type as No. 15. I»

exergue, AQ. P.S. (Aquileia pecunia signata.) M,

22. SECVRITAS . REIPVBLICAE. Victory, walking, to

left, holding wreath and palm. In exergue,
S.M. AQ.P. (Signata moneta Aquileia prima.)
M. III.

23. GLORIA . ROMANORVM. Emperor, to right, dragging

a captive in right hand, and holding laharum^ on

116 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

whicli is the monogram of Christ, in left. In
exergue, S.M. AQ. M. III.

24. VICTORIA . AVGGG. Same type as No. 16. In
exergue, S.M. AQ. P. M. III.

SisciA (Sissek.)

25. VOT.V.MVLT.X within oak wreath. In exergue,

SISC . P . S. (Siscia pecunia or percussa 7.) M.

26. CONCORDIA . AVGGG. Same type as No. 15. In

exergue, A and B SISC. (1 and 2 Siscia.)
JE. III.

27. VICTORIA . AVGGG. Same type as No. 7. In exergue,

A and B SIS. M, III.

Thessalonica (Saloniki.)

28. VICTORIA . AVGG. The two Emperors of the East

and West, &c. In exergue, TIICOB. (Tessa-
lonica 72.) N.

We find coins of Gratian and Theodosius with the mint-
mark TESOB. This coin, from its peculiar style, is
evidently a copy from the true coin of Valentinianus II.

29. Ohv, — Same legend. Helmeted hust, with spear and shield.

i^\— GLORIA. ROM ANORVM. A figure standing on
a galley. In exergue, TES . A. (TessaJoniclL 1.)
^.11.

The coins with the helmeted busts, and a figure standing
on a galley, are those which have been generally supposed
to belong to Valentinianus II., but have never been attri-
buted with positive certainty.

30. OJt;.— Same legend. Bust, to right, diademed, with palu^

damentum and cuirass.

i2«;.~REPARATI0 . REIPVB. Same type as No. 14.
In field, to right, A. In exergue, S.M.TES. (Sig-
nata moneta TesBalonic& 4.) M, II.

THE THREE VALENTINIANS. 117

31. VICTORIA . AVGaa. Same type as No. 7. In exergue,

TES. (Tessalonica.) M. III.

32. GLORIA . REIPYBLICE (sic.) The Prsetorian camp,

from the top of each tower a man looking ont.(?) .
In field, to left, A. In exergue, TES. (Tessa-
lonic^l.) iE. III.

33. SALTS . REIPVBLICAE. Yictory, walking, to left,

dragging captive with right hand. In field, to
left, the monogram of Christ. In exergue, TES.
(TessalonicSL.) M. III.

CoNSTANTiNOPOLis (Constantinople.)

34. CONCORDIA . AYGGG . C. or S.(3 or 6). Female figure

(Rome ?) seated, sometimes on chair with lions'
heads, sometimes on chair without, &c. In
exergue, CONOB. (Constantinopoli 72.) N.

35. VICTORIA . AVGVSTORVM. Victory, walking, to

right, holding wreath and p:lobe, on which is a
cross. In exergue, CONOB. Quin. N,

36. VOT . X . MVLT . XX. within wreath. In exergue,

CONS. (Constantinopoli.) M.

37. Ohv, — Same legend. Helmeted bust, with spear and

shield.

i2^.-— GLORIA . ROMANO RVM. Same type as No. 29.
In exergue, CON. A. (Constantinopoli 4.) M, II.

38. Olv. — Same legend. Bust, to right, diademed, with pa-

ludamentum and cuirass.

i^^.— SALVS . REPVBLICAE. Same type as No. 33.
In exergue, CONS. B. M, III.

Heracleia (Eski Eregli), Perinthus Thracije.

39. Ohv, — Same legend. Helmeted bust, with spear and shield.

JK^r.— GLORIA . ROMANORVM. Same type as No. 29.
In exergue, S.M.H. (Signata moneta Heracleia.)
M. IIL

118 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

40. Ohv.—Same legend. Bust, to right, diademed, with palu-

damentum and cuirass.
Rev.—'VOT . X . MVLT . XX. within wreath. In exergue,
S.M.H.B. (Signata monetaHeracleia2.)^JE. III.

NicoMEDEiA (Ismid.)

41. Ohv, — Same legend* Helmeted bust, with spear and shield.

i2^t;.— GLORIA . ROM ANORYM. Same type as No. 29.
In exergue, S.M.N. (Signata moneta Nico-
medeia.) M. II.

42. Ohv, — Same legend. Bust, to right, diademed, with palu-

damentum and cuirass.
i2^.— VIRTVS . EXERCITVS. Emperor placing left
foot on captive, and holding labarum in right
hand and globe in left. In field, to the left, a
palm. In exergue, S . M . N . B. (Signata moneta
Nicomedeia 2.) M. II.

43. CONCORDIA . AYGGG. Same type as No. 15. In

exergue, S.M.N. M, III.

44. YRBS . ROMA. Same type as No. 4. In exergue, S.M.N.

^. III.

45. SALYS.REIPYBLICAE. Same type as No. 33. In

exergue, S . M . N . B. -^. III.

Cyzicus (Chizico.)

46. Ohv, — Same legend. Helmeted bust, with spear and

sceptre.
^(jt;.— GLORIA . ROMANORYM. Same type as No. 29.
In exergue, S . M . K . D. (Signata moneta
Kyzico 4.) M II.

47. Ohv. — Same legend. Bust, to right, diademed, with pa-

ludamentum and cuirass.
iZ^r.— CONCORDIA . AYGG. Same type as No. 15.
In field, to right, +. In exergue, S.M.K . A.
JE. IIL

48. SALVS . REIPYBLIOAE. Same type as No. 33. Im

exergue, S . M . K . A. M. III.

49. YOT . X . MYLT . XX. within wreath. In exergue,

S.M.K.B. ^. in.

THE THBEE YALENTINIANS. 119

Antiocheia (Antakiah.)

50. VIRTVS . EXEKOITVS. Same type as No. 42. In

exergue, ANT . T. (and A) ( Antiochi^ 3 (and 4.)
^.11.

51. REPARATIO . REIPYB. Same type as No. 14. In

exergue, ANT . B. (Antiochia 2.) M, 11.

52. Ohv, — Same legend. Helmeted bust, with spear and

shield.

i2^.— GLORIA . ROMANORVM. Same type as No. 29.
In field, to left, a wreath ; to right, a cross. In
exergue, ANT . E. (Antiochia 5.) M, II.

53. Oiv. — Same legend, bust, to right, diademed, with palu^

damentum and cuirass.

^(w;.— CONCORDIA . AVGG. Same type as No. 15.
In exergue, ANT . A. (B . T . A and S.) ( Antio-
chia (2, 3, 4, and 7.) JE. III.

54. GLORIA . ROMANORVM. Same type as No. 23. In

exergue, ANT. ^. III.

55. SALTS . REIPVBLICAE. Same type as No. 33. In

exergue, ANT . A. ^. III.

56. YOT . XX . MVLT . XXX. within wreath. In exergue,

ANT. A. JEIIL

Alexandreia.

57. VIRTYS . EXERCITYS. Same type as No. 42. In

exergue, ALE . A. (Alexandria 1.) -^. II.

58. SECYRITAS. REIPYBLICAE. Same type as No. 22.

In exergue, ALE . A. M. III.

59. SALYS . REIPYBLICAE. Same type as No. 33. In

exergue, ALE . A. JE. III.

60. YOT . X . MYLT . XX within wreath. In exergue,

ALE . A. ^. IIL

120 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

The above is the complete list of the coins in the British
Museum, without the word IVNior, that may safely be
assigned to Valentinianus II., from their distinctness of
portrait ; and among them there are one or two which, on
account of their exergual letters, could not possibly be of
Valentinianus I. It was not tUl the year a.d. 375 that
Valentinianus II. was proclaimed Augustus, that being the
year of his father's death, consequently the elder and
younger Valentinianus never reigned together.

It may not be inappropriate now to make a few re-
marks on the mint-marks occurring on the coins of Valen-
tinianus II., and to do so it will be necessary to take a view
of part of the coinage from Constantius II. to Theodosius I.,
inclusive. Owing to a greater number of coins having
been found, and the Museum having been enriched by the
splendid collection of Mr. de Salis, who has spared neither
money or pains in obtaining every interesting coin that has
come to his sight, the knowledge of mint-marks has much
advanced, though still there are many more connecting
links required, and, in consequence, the remarks which
follow must be considered only as hypothetical, though I
confess they are probable.^

I will commence, then, with the coins that may be
assigned to Constantina or Aries. " Constantina '^ was
the name given to ^^Arelate^' (Aries) by Constantino

' The articles of M. de Petigny and M. Senckler in the Revue
Numismatique for 1847 and 1851 made great advances in the
explanation of the mint-markfl of this period, but the absence of
Bufficieiit material and too much dependence on the text of
Mionnet have caused several unmistakeable errors in their excel-
lent articles. We cannot but hope that Mr. de Salis will soon
publish the results of his researches on the Gothic and Ostrogothic
coinage— indeed, a history of the coinage of the fourth century
and downwards.

THE THREE VALENTINIANS. 121

the Great, when he improved the town and built a new
one on the opposite side of the Rhone. Ausonius (^^ Urbes
Clarae ^^ No. 8) calls Arelate duplex, and says that there
was a bridge of boats on the river. CON. or CONS. (Con-
stantinople) is always accompanied by a Greek letter, while
CON. or CONST. (Constantina) is preceded by a Latin,
The attribution to Aries of the coins formerly given to
Constantinople, is due to the late Mr. Borrell, of Smyrna.
It was suggested to him by a coin of Fausta with the mint-
mark CONST., which could not be of Constantinople,
because Fausta died before Byzantium was dedicated.
The Museum does not possess a specimen of this coin.^

The first gold coin that may be attributed to Constan-
tina or Aries is one of Constantius II., with the mint-mark
K0NS3J^ (Constantina Augusti). This form of mint-
mark is found also on a gold coin of Julian the Apostate,
and on the coins of Valentinianus I. and Valens. It is very
probable that the KONS?^ mint-mark of Gratianus, who
reigned with Valentinianus I. and Valens from a.d. 375 to
A.D. 379, is in existence, though at present the Museum
does not possess it. On some large silver coins of Valen-
tinianus I. and Valens we find the mint-mark KA, the
exergual letters being S.M.K AP. At first sight, one would
b(i inclined to attribute these coins to Carthage, but they
cannot well be of that mint for the three following reasons :
— 1 . If we give these coins to Carthage, we must suppose
that that mint was restored for a very short time only under
Valentinianus I. and Gratianus, as no other coins attri-
butable to it are found from the time of Maxentius and

8 The exergual letters are printed CONS, in Borrell's Sale
Catalogue, but this I believe to be a mistake, and the coin must
have been in had preservation, so as to conceal the T. (J^ee
Borrell Catalogue, p. 81, No. 834.)

VOL. I. N.S. B

122 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

Alexander Tyrannus down to the Vandal period. 2. We
must suppose that slhei^ only was struck there; and
3. We must take no notice whatever of the fabric, which
is decidedly Gallic. This is the only instance where the
final letter is used in a mint-mark (if we may except SM.,
Sirmium), the object being in this case to show its dif-
ference from Constantinople and Cyzicus. K is never
used as the initial of Constantinople, and not invariably of
Cyzicus. The P at the end of the eccergual legend cannot
be a, Greek P., being too low in the alphabet to be used as
a differential letter.

The next change that occurs on the gold coins is to COM.
(Constantinse Moneta). This seems to have been intro-
duced late in the reign of Gratianus, and is found alone also
on the coins of his cotemporaries, Valentinianus II. (See
No. 8) and Theodosius I., and when thus alone, it signifies
^' Arles.^^ It is the mint-mark of Gaul and the greater part
of the West, and is sometimes accompanied by the letters
TR., LD., AQ., MD. in the field, and the mint-marks may
tlien be interpreted, ^^ struck at Treves, Lyons, &c., on the
same standard as that of Aries.'' * It is curious that on a gold
coin of Magnus Maximus,^ who killed Gratianus in 383,

* COM. may have been accompanied by letters in the field
under Gratianus, but as we have no examples of it, it ia probable
that this form of minta'jre, which supersedes TROB., AQOB., <fcc.,
was not introduced till after the reign of Gratianus in a.d. 383.

^ Since the list of mint-marks appended to my work was
printed; Mr. de Salis has made further investigations in the
Eoman coinage of Gaul and Britain, which have led to the
attribution to London of the uncertain coin of Magpins Mazimns
with the exergual mark AYGOB. As it appears from Am-
mianus Marcellinus and the Oosmoj^raphy of Uavenna (p. 420,
Ed. Finder and Parthey, Berlin, 1860) th at *' London " wa» jJbo
called •* Augusta" during the Roman drunm.itioTi, theff ia little
doubt that Magnns Maxiinns, on i ng \\w iiiiperiai ptiwi^r in

Britain, issued his first coinagf n, wh«^re nu mitiU^'«; b a4

THE THREE VALENTINIANS. 123

thereby obtaining the lattcr's share of the empire (Britain,
Ganl, Spain, and Mauretania Tingitana), and the greater
part of Italy, instead of the usual mint-mark COM. we
should find KONOB (Constantina 72). This form in the
exergue, accompanied by AR. (Arelate) in icefield, occurs
on a gold coin of Constantinus III., the usurper under
Honorius, and on another of this latter's coins we find
AR. in the field, and COMOB in the exei'gue, AR.
(Arelate) was the only mint omitted in the field, while
COM. was the great Western exergual mint-mark.

The mint-mark COMOB.® appears in the exergue for
the first time under Valentinianus II. (No. 10) and Theo-
dosius I. To what place shall it be assigned ? To Con-
stantinople ? No. It is a Westeriiy and only a JVestern,

taken place since the latter years of Conatantine. On his becoming
master of Gaul and Italy the temporary mint of London was given
up, and the coins of the later part of his rei^n, as well as those of
his son Flavins Victor, were struck in the then existing mints of
Treves, Lyons, Aries, Milan, and Aquileia. We have thus a
most satisfactory explanation of this short reappearance of London
as a place of mintage. The passages of Ammianus IMarcellinus
are, '• Kgressus tendensque ad Ltindininm, vetns oppidum, quod
Avgusfam posteritas api)ellavit" (xxvii. 8.), and "Theodosius,
vero, dux nomiuis inclyti, animo vigore collecto ab Augusta pro-
fectus, quam veteres appellavere Lundimum** (xxviii. 3.). We
Englishmen ought to have thought of this earlier, had we recalled
to our memories the line from the *' Rejected Addresses" —

" On fair Avgusta's towers and trees ;"

or those of Swifl —

•' For poets you can never want'em
8pread through Augusta TrtnoLantum.*'

Thomson and other poets have, I believe, also used the old
name '* Augusta" in speaking of London.

• The forms CORNOB, lONOB., CONOS., Ac, do not exist
am mint-marks, and if any coins bear them, they must be bar-
bafLHiH. CU UMOB. is found on a gold coin of Anthemius, and
EM. nigxiiEes ** Roma," and the GO. is affixed, and the OB. pre-
ix@4, to " ' tm near aa possible COMO B., and at the same

122 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

Alexander Tyrannus down to the Vandal period. 2. We
must suppose that silver only was struck there; and
3. We must take no notice whatever of the fabric, which
is decidedly Gallic. This is the only instance where the
final letter is used in a mint-mark (if we may except SM.,
Sirmium), the object being in this case to show its dif-
ference from Constantinople and Cyzicus. K is never
used as the initial of Constantinople, and not invariably of
Cyzicus. The P at the end of the eoaergual legend cannot
be a Greek P., being too low in the alphabet to be used as
a differential letter.

The next change that occurs on the gold coins is to COM.
(Constantinse Moneta). This seems to have been intro-
duced late in the reign of Gratianus, and is found alone also
on the coins of his cotemporaries, Valentinianus II. (See
No. 8) and Theodosius I., and when thus alone, it signifies
^' Arles.^^ It is the mint-mark of Gaul and the greater part
of the West, and is sometimes accompanied by the letters
TR., LD., AQ., MD. in the field, and the mint-marks may
then be interpreted, ^^ struck at Treves, Lyons, &c., on the
same standard as that of Arles.^'* It is curious that on a gold
coin of Magnus Maximus,^ who killed Gratianus in 383,

* COM. may have been accompanied by letters in the field
under Gratianus, but as we have no examples of it, it is probable
that this form of minta'j:e, which supersedes TROB., AQOB.,&c.,
was not introduced till after the reign of Gratianus in a.d. 383.

* Since the list of mint-marks appended to my work was
printed, Mr. de Salis has made further investigations in the
Roman coinage of Gaul and Britain, which have led to the
attribution to London of the uncertain coin of Magnus Maximus
with the exergual mark AYGOB. As it appears from Am-
mianus Marcellinus and tlie Cosmoiifraphy of Havenna (p. 420,
Ed. Finder and Parthey, Berlin, 1860) that " London " was also
called " Augusta" during the Roman domination, there is little
doubt that Magnus Maximus, on assuming the imperial power in
Britain, issued his first coinage in London, where no mintage h ad

THE THREE VALENTINIANS. 123

thereby obtaining the latter's share of the empire (Britain,
Gaul, Spain, and Mauretania Tingitana), and the greater
part of Italy, instead of the usual mint-mark COM. we
should find KONOB (Constantina 72). This form in the
exergv£y accompanied by AR. (Arelate) in the field, occurs
on a gold coin of Constantinus III., the usurper under
Honorius, and on another of this latter^s coins we find
AR. in the field, and COMOB in the exergm, AR.
(Arelate) was the only mint omitted in the field, while
COM. was the great Western exergual mint-mark.

taken place since the latter years of Constantine. On his becoming
master of Gaul and Italy the temporary mint of London was given
up, and the coins of the later part of his reign, as well as those of
his son Flavins Victor, were struck in the then existing mints of
Treves, Lyons, Aries, Milan, and Aquileia. We have thus a
most satisfactory explanation of this short reappearance of London
as a place of mintage. The passages of Ammianus Marcellinus
are, '* Kgressns tendensque ad Lundininm^ vetus oppidum, quod
Augustam posteritas appellavit" (xxvii. 8.), and "Theodosius,
vero, dux nomiuis inclyti, animo vigore collecto ab Avgustd pro-
fectus, quam veteres appellavere Lvndinium " (xxviii. 3.). We
Englishmen ought to have thought of this earlier, had we recalled
to our memories the line from the *' Rejected Addresses" —

" On fair Augusta! s towers and trees ;"

or those of Swift —

" For poets you can never want' em
Spread through Augusta Trinobantumy

Thomson and other poets have, I believe, also used the old
name ** Augusta" in speaking of London.

• The forms CORNOB, lUNOB., CONOS., &c., do not exist
as mint-marks, and if any coins bear them, they must be bar-
barous. COR MOB. is found on a gold coin of Anthemius, and
RM. signifies '* Roma," and the CO. is affixed, and the OB. pre-
fixed, to resemble as near as possible COMOB., and at the same
time to designate a mint.

124 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

mint-mark^ and may be explained by " Constantinae
Moneta 72 — money of the standard of Constantina or
Arles/^ It is well known that Theodosius I. and Valen-
tinianas 11.^ reigned as colleagues at Home, and being the
only place of which we have not their coins with letters in
the field, and COM. in the exergue, a suggestion may be
ventured that there (?) these coins were struck, the types
being intended to imitate those of Constantinople, and the
exergual letters to resemble, with a slight distinction, the
CONOB. of Constantinople. When COMOB. became
common to every Western mint, RM. (Roma), as well as
the other mints, appeared in the field, Theodosius I.
also struck coins at Sirmium with SM. in the field and
COMOB. in the exergue.

The form CONOB. occurs only on the coins of Con-
stantinople, and for the first time under Gratianus, Valen-
tinianus II. (No. 34), and Theodosius I., and the OB., as in
all the other cases, is an indication of value, and signifies
that ^^72 solidi" were coined from one pound of gold.
After the time of Anastasius, COMOB. and CONOB.
became the general mint-marks of the West and East, and
the latter is used indiscriminately after the time of Jus-
tinianus I.

Having now given a sketch of the K0NS?7, COM.,
COMOB., and CONOB. mint-marks, it wiU not be
necessary for me to mention any other than Treviri, or
Treves. The usual abbreviation is TR.— TROB (Tre-
viris 72)* occurs for the first time on the gold coins of

7 The Museum possesses a gold coin of Honorius similar to
these of Valentiniamis II. and Theodosius I., with COMOB in
the exergue. It is evidently struck somewhere in Italy.

8 Accompanying the mint-mark TROB. on the coins of these
emperors, we find the letters C, S, and T. In M. SenckWs
article on " Les Medailles a Texergue CONOB, etc.," in the
Retue Numumatique, 1847, p. 401, TROBS is interpreted
" Trevlris LXXII sigh at us, or Treviris ojfficind II iignat%i9^

THE THREE VALENTINIANS. 125

Valentiiiianus I. ; it also may be found on the coins of
Valens, Gratianus, Magnus Maximus, Victor, Valen-
tinianus II.' and Theodosius I., and besides may be found
on the coins of Constantinus III., usurper in Britain and
Gaul A.D. 407 — 411. To account for the return to an old
form of mintage which had been dropped under Valen-
tinianus II. and Theodosius I. for the new form TR. COM.,
is not very easy, and it is most probable that the coins are
barbarous. During the reign of Honorius we have no
Gallic coins, that is to say coins bearing Gallic mint-marks,
and it is likely that some of the barbarous coins of the
period, some having llA. (Ravenna?) in the field, and
perhaps some of those that bear Eastern mint-marks, were
struck in Gaul.^^ Gaul seems never to have recovered
from the effects of the usurpation of Eugenius, and
although Theodosius I. reconquered it, he did not live long
enough to establish complete power there. Late in
A.D. 406 the Vandals invaded Gaul, and commenced the
destruction of Treves, and in a.d. 413 the Franks, who

and TROAS, Treviru ojicind I dgnatus, I may remark that
the form TROAS also is not found. It is a question if the final
S may be interpreted signatus, and if it may, what is the meaning
of C and T ? On some of the small copper coins of Valen-
tinianus I. and Valens we find R. Prima, Tertia, Quarfa in full,
besides R.B., K.Q., and on the silver R.P., R.T. Now with this
before me, I am rather inclined to think that these letters are
numerical representations, and signify the number of the mint ;
= 3; S = Secunda ; T = Tertia, Not having seen a gold
coin with the letter P. (Prima), this mintage may have been
confined to the silver and copper. On a gold com of Valen-
tinianus II., with the epithet IVNior on the obverse, we find in
the exergue AQOBF. Here the F is most likely a numerical
letter signifying 6, sixth mint. The Aquileia inint ends with
the destruction of that town under Valentinianus III.

» The form TR013. occurs only on his coins that have IVNior
on the obverse.

^° 'I'he silver coin of Arcadius with exergue TR.P.S. was
struck during the lifetime of Theodosius I.

126 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

had sided witli Jovinus, proclaimed emperor at Treves,
and of whom we have coins with TR. in the field, and
COMOB. in the exergue, in order to avenge his fate,
again sacked the town and reduced it to ashes. Thus
ended this great capital which had been established as a
mint from the time of Diocletian.

I have deemed it necessary to affix the above remarks to
the list of coins of Valentinianus II. in explanation of the
various forms of mint-marks occurring upon them, of their
attributions, and to show that most of the gold coins
could not possibly belong to Valentinianus I. The silver
and copper show chiefly from their style of face to whom
they should belong. I cannot say more than that in my
recent work on " Roman Numismatics^' there is an entire
alphabetical list of the mint-marks occurring in the exergue,
with explanatory notes attached to them. I would refer
those who require any further information on this interest-
ing subject to the above list and notes. Adjoined to this
paper is a table showing the mints at which the emperors
between the time of Constantius II. and Theodosius I.
issued their coinage, the metals, and the exergual letters
found on the coins, thereby enabling one to see at a glance
how the different forms of mint-marks were introduced.

And now to dispel the doubts about the coins of
Valentinianus III., and of him the Museum only pos-
sesses two coins without the name PLAcidius : —

1. Ohv. — Helmeted bust, full faced, with cuirass, showing right
hand, which holds spear, and on the left side part
of a shield, on N\hich is represented the emperor
on horseback, to right, and on the ground a
captive.

i^^p.— SALVS . REIPVBLICAE . Z. (7) Theodosius IF.
and Valentinianus III., both with nimbxts, seated,
full-faced, each holding the mappa and a cross.
lu exergue COISOB. (Constantinoplis 72).

THE THREE VALENTINIANS. 127

This coin is struck by Theodosius II. at Constantinople,
soon after Aelia Galla Placidia and her son, Valen-
tinianus III._, were restored to their power, and the usurper
Johannes, who had assumed the purple at Ravenna, was
defeated by Theodosius II. Placidius may have been
omitted on his Eastern coins for the same reason that
Galla was omitted on those of Aelia Placidia.

2. i?ci;.— VICTORIA . AVGGG. Victory standing to left,
holding a long cross ; in the field, to right, a star.
In exergue CONOB.

In consequence of the absence of a diflferential letter
after the legend, this coin is probably an imitation of the
genuine Constantinople type. It resembles the coins of
Marcianus, who was colleague with Valentinianus III. after
the death of Theodosius II. from a.d. 450 to a.d. 457.

There can be no doubt of the attribution of these coins.

Since the paper has been in type the Museum has
added to its collection the following coins of Valen-
tinianus II. : —

LVGDVNVM (Lyon*).

1. YIRTVS . EXERCITVS. Same type as Xa Z. In

exergue LVG. (Lugduno). M, (lar^e;,

2. VRBS . ROMA. Same type a» No, C. In exer^m LVG,

M' (sometimes P. or S., Prima and S«cttA4s;^

3. YOTIS . V. MVLTIS . X. witliin wreath. In i^x^^^m

LVG. M.

ROMA,

1. YOT. X. MVLT. XX. witWn wr(^utb. lu ^KX^jgrn
R.B. (Roma 2,; Ai.

ANTIOCHKIA,

1. VOT. X. MVL'r. XX, witJiift wr^MU. lu t(%^r/^m
ANT. A, : Aiiti/^lua 4;, yf;, / 1 f .

THE THREE VALENTINIANS. 127

This coin is struck by Theodosius II. at Constantinople,
soon after Aelia Galla Placidia and her son, Valen-
tinianus III., were restored to their power, and the usurper
Johannes, who had assumed the purple at Ravenna, was
defeated by Theodosius II. Placidius may have been
omitted on his Eastern coins for the same reason that
Galla was omitted on those of Aelia Placidia.

2. i?ei;.— VICTORIA . AVGGG. Victory standing to left,
holding a long cross ; in the field, to right, a star.
In exergue CONOB.

In consequence of the absence of a differential letter
after the legend, this coin is probably an imitation of the
genuine Constantinople type. It resembles the coins of
Marcianus, who was colleague with Valentinianus III. after
the death of Theodosius II. from a.d. 450 to a.d. 457.

There can be no doubt of the attribution of these coins.

Since the paper has been in type the Museum has
added to its collection the following coins of Valen-
tinianus II. : —

LVGDVNVM (Lyons).

1. YIRTVS . EXERCITVS. Same type as No. 3. In

exergue LVG. (Lugduno). M. (large).

2. VRBS . ROMA. Same type as No. 6, In exergue LVG.

JR- (sometimes P. or S., Prima and Secunda).

3. YOTIS . V. MVLTIS . X. witldn wreath. In exergue

LVG. M.

ROMA.

1. VOT. X. MVLT. XX. within wreath. In exergue
R.B. (Roma 2.) M.

ANTIOCHEIA.

1. VOT. X. IVIVLT. XX. within wreath. In exergue
ANT. A. (Antiochia 4j. JE. III.

Fred. W. Madden.

128

NOTICE OF RECENT NUMISMATIC PUBLICATIONS.

Roman Numismatics, by F. W. Madden. J. Russell Smith,
1861. Small 8vo.

Few questions are more commonly asked by those who have
but a slight knowledge of Numismatics than this, whether there
be not some complete existing handbook to the science, wherein,
briefly, of course, yet judiciously arranged, the student may find
all the essential particulars he may desire to know of the coinage
of different ages and countries.

It is not easy to answer this and similar questions as we would
gladly answer them, for there exists no general work on Numis-
matics to which any practised Numismatist would dream of
referring the supposed inquirer. Whether it be from the vast
ranp^e of the study itself, embracing, as it does, the history ia
miniature of nearly the whole world —a " survey " far surpassing
the famed one " from China to Peru*' — and ascending from the
present day to the sixth or seventh century before Christ; or,
from the fact that no one mind has as yet grasped the whole of
this great story, or acquired the diversities of characters, not to
say the actual languages, wherein Art has impressed its style, or
Commerce defined its measures — certain it is, that no one book
has yet appeared for universal use ; more than this, we may add
our belief that no such volume will ever appear.

Hence it is, that among Numismatic works, none are so
common, nor, except from the number requisite for the complete
study of coins, so useful, as detached monographs embracing
one or more specific subject, some of which ;^it would be invidious
to instance individual cases where so many are excellent) may
justly rank, from the ability and research they exhibit, with the
works more especially devoted to other branches of Archaeology
or science.

It is to fill a want (at least to English 8tudent8\ in the case
of Roman coins, that this little work aspires. We have indeed,
in other languages, some elaborate works on Roman Numis-
matics, among which those by M1\T. Riccio and Cohen are
entitled to the first place. We have also, in English, the trans-
lation by Mr. Akerman of Mionnet's work on this subject,
published now more than twenty-seven years ago, which, so far

NOTICE OF RECENT NUMISMATIC PUBLICATIONS. 129

as it Koes, is not without value. But the same objection applies to
these, and to not a few other works on this branch of Archaeology,
that their size is too often inconveniently large, and their price
beyond the means of the bulk of coin collectors. For their use,
a small, well -arranged, compact volume, of moderate cost, was
really wanted : let us see how far the one before us answers these
conditions.

Mr. Madden commences his work with a carefully drawn up
account of what may be called the history of the Roman coinage,
including notices of the As and its subdivisions, the gold and
silver denarii, <fec., with an interesting detailed memoir on the
types to be found on the Consular and Imperial coins, with some
reference to the character of the portraits exhibited on many of
them, and to the titles and surnames borne by the diflferent
personages whose coins are enumerated. Many of these, he
remarks, are of considerable importance, either as confirming or
as elucidating history. Among others, he speaks especially of
tlie famous coin usually attributed to the Junia family, and
bearing the inscription KID. MAR. His words are, "This
coin, either in gold or silver, has been often doubted; the gold
is decidedly false ; but there is a specimen in silver in the
British Museum, of undoubted authenticity, presented to the
nation by Mr. de Salis." It may be added that authentic
specimens exist in other cabinets.

He then proceeds to give some account of the various officers,
whose titles are found on the coins themselves, such as the
'Consules, Ordinarii, Suffecti, or Designati, the Viri Consulares,
Proconsuls, Censors, (fee, with detached notes on some indepen-
dent subjects, such as the "Nummi Restituti," and the coins
bearing the inscription " Votis." On the latter, we wish our
author had been a little more explicit, as we could not at first
comprehend the meaning of the passage he has marked as a
quotation, " that these were the vicennalian vows of the emperor,
and he hoped that he might live to the tricennalian," though if,
as we presume, a translation from Eckhel, the Latin of this
German writer has the merit of being equally unintelligible.

The rest of his work is taken up with a series of lists, as it
would seem, very carefully compiled, of the various species of
money current during diflferent periods of Roman history, of the
Roman families, and of the members of the Imperial houses who
ruled from the time of Julius Csesar to that of Theodosius I.
Among tlie Families, care has been taken to discriminate between
those of patrician and plebeian origin, and, in both series, the
metal in which they are struck is duly noted, and the degree of
rarity they at present possess. Short notes are appended with
reference to any remarkable coins, and in all cases, the dates of

VOL. I. N.S. S

130 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

births and deaths are given, so far as history has recorded
them.

Such lists will, we believe, be found of the greatest use to any
one who shall be collecting Roman coins, as they give all that can
be really required, short of an elaborate and complete history.

We may add, that the reader will find at the end of the
volume some clear and valuable notes on mint-marks, a subject
to which it is well known that Mr. de fealis has recently paid
great attention. Much confusion has long existed on this subject,
especially in the coins of the Later Empire, and we rejoice that
Mr. Madden has put in print a carefully revised statement of
what has at present been made out on this subject, as this will
lead those who are interested in Roman coins to make further,
and, it may be, still more complete researches.

Six lithographed plates accompany the volume, and add much
to its practical value and utility. We may be allowed to express
the hope that Mr. Madden will not stop with the Roman coins,
but will proceed to the more difficult study of Greek Numis-
matics : he may rest assured that there is ample room for such
a volume, indeed for more than one, and that collectors (not to
say scholars and students) would hail with much satisfaction a
condensed Handbook of Greek Numismatics, similar to the one
to which we have just called attention.

MiNNESPENNINGAR OFVER EN8KILDA SvENSKA MaN OOH QuINNOR

BE9KRIFNA Ap Bror Emil Hildbbrand. Stockholm, 1860.
8vo. pp. 454, with 21 plates. (Medals of Swedish private
men and women.)

The name of Hildebrand is well known to every English Numis-
matist in connection with his researches into our own Anglo-Saxon
coinage, so that any work produced by his pen is deserving of
notice in these pages. That now before us is a catalogue, chro-
nologically arranged, of all the medals struck in honour of illus-
trious Swedes, of both sexes, from the days of Birger Magnusson,
Earl of Bialbo, and Regent of Sweden in 1252, to those of the
Swedish nightingale, Jenny Lind. Though professedly including
only the medals of private individuals, there are many among
them of the regents of the kingdom, and of some who, like Gus-
tavus Vasa, afterwards ascended the throne. It must, however,
be confessed that the majority of the names of those whose
memory has been perpetuated by this series of medals are but
little known to English readers. There are, however, beside
such historical names as Oxenstierna, others of world-wide fame
to be found in this catalogue — Berzelius, Swedenborg, Scheele,
Puffendorf, LiunsBus, as well as some of numismatic note, such

NOTICE or RECENT NUMISMATIC PUBLICATIONS. 131

as Brenner, Keder, and Hedlinger. It is also curious that among
those in whose honour medals have been struck in Sweden are
many whose names testify to their English or Scotch descent,
and to the connection that has subsisted between this country
and Sweden. A Jennings, Hamilton, Ramsay, Bancks, McLean,
Murray, Innes, Stuart, or Sheldon might claim a place in a cata-
logue of British medals should such be ever attempted, though
also rightfully inserted in M. Hildebrand*s list. Nothing can
exceed the care with which this seems to have been compiled.
Not only are the descriptions fully detailed, and the size of the
medal and the engraver's name given, but the date, the occasion,
and the place of striking are also mentioned in all instances where
they could be ascertained. In the case of posthumous medals,
such information is in the highest degree necessary, though not
unfrequently omitted by medallic writers.

The first (January and February) of the Revue Numumatique
for 1861 has the following papers : —

1. Conclusion of Mr. Waddington's fitude de Numismatique
Asiatique.

In the second portion of this valuable essay Mr. Waddington
has shown that there are coins of Datames struck at Sinope, and
of Ariarathes I., struck at the same town and at Gaziura. He
has also assigned strong reasons for attributing certain coins,
hitherto classed to a King of Citium, to a Sjn^an dynast, bearing
the name Aba-Hadad, and probably having Hierapolis for his
capital. Perhaps the most interesting of the new results here
published, is the attribution to Artaxerxes Mnemon of the famous
coin in the British Museum, bearing the inscription BASIA, and
two others mth the same portrait, one in the Hunter collection,
and the other in that of Lieut. -Gen. Fox. The first of these
coins was conjectured by M. Lenormant to be of Cyrus the
Younger, but Mr. Waddington has shown that there can be no
doubt that this and the other two are of his brother Artaxerxes.
The general conclusions are of great importance, and the whole
paper requires to be carefully studied by all interested in this
curious branch of ancient numismatics.

2. *' On some unpublished Byzantine bullae in the Louvre,"
by M. E. Miller.

3. "Description of the Merovingian coins of Limousin,"
(seventh article), by M. Max. Deloche.

4. ** On some rare and unpublished coins of Provence in the
Bibliotheque of Marseilles," by M. A. Carpentin.

5. " Attribution to the Emperor Henry VI. of an unedited
' Augustale,* " by M. Huillard-Br^holles.

In the NScrologie is a tribute of respect to M. A. Bigot.

13^ NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

The second number (March and April) of the Revue NumiS'^
matique for 1861 has as follows : —

1. Letter XI T. of M. de Saulcy, addressed to M. A. de Long-*
perier, on the " Numismatique Gauloise," being a most interest-^
ing essay on the attribution of certain coins to the iEdui.

2. "On some unpublished imperial Roman, Greek, and co-
lonial coins," by M. J. Sabatier.

Among the most remarkable of the pieces is a bronze medallion
of Antoninus Pius, with Diana on the reverse, holding a stag by
the horns. Though bearing Latin inscriptions, it is considered
£o be of Asiatic, and probably Ephesian, mintage.

The following articles are in the lere livraison of the Revue
Numismatique Beige for 1861 : —

1. Letter to M. Chalon, " On some unpublished Roman coins
of the collection of the late Octave Fontana, of Trieste," from
M. J. Sabatier.

We do not quite agree with M. Sabatier on his attribution
cf the small piece bearing on the reverse the letter K. (PI. ii.
N"o. 9), which is very similar in fabric to the coins of the
Vandal kings, and seems more likely to belong to Karthage
than Constantinople. As to the other pieces bearing the K.
(Nos. 4, 5, 6) — which M. Sabatier seems to attribute to Fausta,
and to explain by Konstantinopolis (an attribution which is
impossible : first, from the fact that Fausta died in 327, and
Constantinople was not dedicated till 330 ; and second, because
the letter K is never used as the initial of Constantinople on
eoins at that time nor at any other) — we think that they are
evidently copied from coins of the Constantine period, and repre-
sent, No. 6, Helena, Nos. 4 and 6, though the latter is rather
youthful, Constantine the Great. If we may hazard a supposi-
tion on the origin of these " small pieces," which, according to
us, also belong to the period of Justinian, we should say that this
latter emperor, perhaps on the dedication of St. Sophia, or on
some other occasion, thought proper to commemorate lie first
Christian emperor, the founder of Constantinople, and Helena
his mother, both of whom were held in the highest reverence by
the Greek Church. Such restorations were not unusual in the
Upper Empire ; and we find, not only Augustus, but several of
his successors commemorated by later emperors. K may be the
initial of Konstantine, or Konstantinople (?), and if the latter, is
the only example, and these "small pieces" were struck to dis-
tribute among the Greek local population. C is always the initial
on coim. The small piece, No. 7, with reverse P, of which we
have a specimen in the British Museum, probably belongs also

MISCELLANEA. 133

to the time of Justinian, and if it does, the letter P would signify
100. The British Museum possesses coins of that emperor with.
CIST. (260), PKE. (125), and PK. (120), which last was equal
to three of the large copper coins marked M. (40.)

2. Second letter to M. Soret, " On some unedited Cufic coins,"
from M. le G^n^ral de Bartholomsei.

3. " On an imitation of a Belgian coin made by Le Comte
Palatin de Simmeren et de Deux- Fonts," by M. Chalon.

4. " Documents pour servir a ITiistoire des monnaies," by
M. de la Fons-M^licocq.

5. " Monetary history of Li^ge," an unedited document, by
M. Ferd. Henaux.

6. Letter to M. Chalon, " On a jetton of Li^ge," from M.
Dumont.

MISCELLANEA.

The Find op Coins near Fromb. — In addition to the Roman
coins described (p. 8) as having been found in company with a
number of British coins at Nunney, near Frome, there was dis-
covered at the same time a denarius of Caligula. This coin,
which is in a fair state of preservation bears on the obverse
the laureate head of Caligula, to the right, with the legend,
C.CiESAR. AVG.GEKM.P.M.TR.POT., and on the
reverse, the radiate head of Augustus, to the right, with
DI VVS . AVG . PATER . PATRIAE. Its date is probably
A.D. 37, or some six or seven years before the invasion of
Claudius. For our knowledge of the discovery of this coin we
are indebted to Mr. Singer, of Frome.

Sale of Coins, 18th-20th March, 1861. — The choice col-
lection of coins formed by the late W. Waring Hay Newton, Esq.,
of Newton Hall, Haddington, and also the cabinet of Monsieur
De Carn^ieflf, of St Petersburg, have been dispersed under the
hammer of Messrs. Sotheby and Wilkinson. The following lots
are selected as the more important. Lot 14. Syracuse, M, size
10, decadrachm, or medallion. A fine specimen. — £10 10«.
Lot. 41. Seleucus II., Callinicus, M, size 8; obv., Diademed
head, to right; rev., Apollo, standing, leaning on a tripod, hold-
ing an arrow ; in the field are two monograms. Very fine and
rare — £5 2«. M. Lot. 46. Alexander II., Zebina, JR, size 8 ;
rev., Zeus-Nicephorus, seated, a star and A under the throne.

134 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

A very fine specimen, formerly in the Thomas and Northwick
collections — £5 2«. Qd, Lot 4:9. Tigranes. -SI, size 7, obv., head
of Tigranes ; rev., Antioch, seated on the rock Silpius, with her
right foot resting on the river-god Orontes — £4. Lot 68.
Augustus and Agrippa, 2 M ; rev. COL(onia) NEM(aiisus),
crocodile, chained to a palm-tree. A perfect specimen, and
finely patinated— £2. Lot 70. Nero, 2 JS ; rev., MAC(ellum)
AV&(usti), the macellum, with an armed figure standing under
the gateway. A perfect specimen, and finely patinated — £5.
Lot 71. Nero, 2 M ; rev., PONTIF . MAX., <fec. ; the emperor,
personating Apollo. Extremely fine — £2 2s. Lot 79. Galba,
1 M ; rev., ROMA in the exergue. Rome, seated, to left. Ex-
tremely fine, and patinated — £3 3«. Lot 85. Antoninus Pius,
1. M. ; rev., LIBERALITAS . AVG . IIII . COS . IIIL ; the
emperor, seated on an estrade, attended by the prefect oif the
praetorium and Liberality, distributing largess to a person
standing on the ground. Extremely finlB ; from the Northwick
collection — £4. Lot 96. Alexander the Great, a contorniate ;
rev.. Circus Maximus, with chariot, obelisk, metss, &c. —
£3 ]3«. 6 J. Lot 124. Vespasian, medallion, M, of Antiocheia
ad Orontem; rev., exoYC . NeoY.iePOY. A., (regnal year 4 =
A.D. 72) ; an eagle on an ornamented altar, holding a caduceus in
its beak, and a palm -branch in its claw. Extremely fine, from the
Northwick collection — £4 IDs. Lot 128. Tiberius and Augustus,
J^; obv., TI . CAESAR . DIVI . AVG . F . AVGVSTVS ;
laureate head of Tiberius, to right ; rev , DIVOS . AVGVST .
DIVI . F. laureate head of Augustus, to right ; above, a star.
Very fine -£6 6«. Lot 156. Oliver Cromwell broad, 1656, by
Simon— £5. Lot 171. Mary Queen of Scots, testoon, 1561,
with portrait; rev. SALVVM . FAC, &c. Very fine and rare
— £7 12«. 6d Lot 172. Mary, testoon, 1561, as before, and
equally fine— £7 15^. Lot 173. Mary, half testoon, 1562. Ex-
tremely rare and fine — £9 5». Lot 187. Mary, ^cu; rev.
CRUCIS . ARMA,<fec. ; short broad cross, with foliated ends, a
thistle in each angle; lion, 1553; rev. DILIGITE, &c., Maria
Regina, in cypher, crowned, between two cinquefoils. Both very
fine — £6. Lot 189. Mary, half ryal, 1555, with portrait; rev.,
JUSTUS . FIDE . VIVIT, arms of Scotland, crowned. Ex-
tremely rare and fine — £9 2b, Qd. Lot 190. James VI., hat
piece, M.M. cinquefoil ; king's bust, with high -crowned hat, to
right; behind, a thistlehead; rev., TE . SOLVM . VEREOR,
1593. lion sejant, crowned, pointing a sceptre to the word Jehovah,
in Hebrew letters. Very fine and rare— £5. Lot 269. Olbia,
iE, size 11, head of Medusa ; rev., OAB , an eagle alighting on
a fish. Very fine, and rare— £2 3«. Lot 282. Tarentum, iT,
size 3 J, laureated head of Jupiter, to left, behind, N.; rev.,

MISCELLANEA. 185

TAPANTINQN, an eagle, with expanded wings, perched on a
thunderbolt ; in the field are two vases. Extremely rare and
fine— £13 5s. Lot 283. Tarentum, J^, size 2J ; obv., TAPAN-
TINQN, a diademed female head, to right ; rev. TAPAS, the river-
god, Taras, astride a dolphin. Very fine, and very rare —
£5 28. ed. Lot 295. Catana, M, size 7| ; KATANAION, head
of Apollo, to left, the hair short, and fastened by a trifoliate
wreath ; rev., charioteer conducting a biga, to right, and without
the Victory over the horses. An unusually well-spread spe-
cimen, and very fine — £4 4s. Lot 300. Naxos, M, size 8, head
of Bacchus, crowned with ivy, with a long flowing beard, to
rii^ht, and the back hair bound in a knot; rev.,NAXION, old
Silenus, seated, holding a cantharus in his right hand^£6 12». 6d.
Lot. 311. Ohersonesus Tauricae, M^ size 4, turreted head of
Diana, to right, with her usual attributes ; rev., XEP, stag, to
right ; below, MOIPIOD. Extremely fine ; not in Mionnet — £8.
Lot 320. Aenus, M, size 2; head of Mercury, three-quarter face,
with petasus ; rev., AINI, goat, walking, to right. A charming
little coin— £5 2«. 6d Lot 330. Amphipolis, M, size 3 ; laureate
head of Apollo, three-quarter face ; rev., AM*inoAlTEQN on a
raised square, surrounding a burning lamp. Of great rarity,
and unusually fine — £7 7«. Lot 331. Orthagoria, -51, size 6;
head of Diana, to right ; behind, a quiver ; rev. OPeAPOPEON, a
helmet, with cheek pieces, surmounted by a star ; beneath, HP,
in monogram. Of great rarity, and a fine specimen — £8. The
Northwick specimen sold for £33. Lot. 354. Damastium, M,
size 6J; head of Apollo, to left; rev., HPAKAEIA.KH, a tripod
and sacrificial knife on a base ; the five first letters of the legend
on the front of the base. Extremely rare, and in good con-
dition — £7. Lot 369. Phanagoria, Cimmerian Bosphorus, M,
size 3 J, laureate head of Apollo; rev., *ANAroPlTQN, in two lines
divided by a thyrsus, ornamented with bandelets Extremely
fine — £11 lis. Lot 373. Rhcemetalces, -AT, size 4, of the year
BAY = 432. Very fine and rare— £5 15«. Lot 374. Rhcemetalces,
-AT, size 4, of the year AMY = 441. Very fine and rare — £5 2«. Qd.
Lot 375. Eupator, -AT, size 4; rev., heads of Lucius Verus and
Commodus, facing, of the year eNY = 459. Very rare and fine
— £5 2s. ^d. Lot 378. Sauromates IV., -AT, size 4; rev. laureate
head of Severus ; of the year BqY = 492. Extremely fine and
rare — £5. Lot 388. Cyzicus, -AT, size 4; Ajax on one knee, to
left, with a helmet in his right hand and a short sword in his left;
below, a tunny-fish; rev., a deep square indentation of four
compartments. An extremely rare and fine Distater — £11.
Lot 389. Cyzicus, the Distater, -AT, size 3 by 4 ; head of Her-
cules, to right ; underneath, a tunny-fish or a grain of corn ;
rev., QUAD . INC vs. Very rare and fine — £11 5«. Lot 401.

136 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

Mau88olu8, King of Caria, M, size 7; head of Apollo, three-
quarter face, having the laurel crown fastened under the chin ;
rev., MAYS2QAAO, Jupiter-Lahradaeus, walking, to right, with
a long spear in his left hand, and a hipennis over his right
shoulder. A brilliant specimen — £16. Lot 402. Cos, insula, -ZR,
size 6 ; KOD, a nude dancing Apollo, performing on the timbrel
in front of a tripod ; rev., a crab in the centre of four triangular
indentations. A finer specimen than usually met with —
£5 12«. ^d. Lot 404. Perekle, Lycia, M, size 2| by ^ ; lion's
scalp, front face ; rev. riPEKAi, and a triple grapnel. Extremely
rare, and very fine — £12. Lot 416. Artavasdes, King of
Armenia, M, size 3J; head, with the usual tiara; rev., basiaeqs .
BASIAEQN. APTAVADA. ., a figure conducting a quadriga at
full speed, to left — £5 5«. Lot 441. The shekel of 8imon Mac-
cabseus, M, size 5 J, wt. 213 grs., of the usual type, and of the year 2.
Extremely rare, and very fine — £8. Lot 453. Varahan II.,
AT, size 4| ; heads of the king and his queen, side by side, with
that of their son facing them. Of the highest degree of rarity,
and very fine; wt. 113 grs. — £13. Lot 467. Ptolemy Soter,
N, size 6 ; the pentadrachm, of the usual type — £6 12«. Qd.
Lot 468. Arsinoe Philadelphi, -AT, size 8 ; the octodrachm, of
the usual type — £6 6«. Lot 469. Ptolemy III., Evergetes,
Ny size 7^ ; the octodrachm, 0EQN, heads of Ptolemy Soter and
Berenice ; rev., AAEa*QN, heads of Ptolemy Philadelphus and
Arsenoe. Fine— £13: Lot 472. Ptolemy V., Epiphanes, N,
size 7; diademed head, to right, with an ear of corn on the
diadem ; type of Mt. Supp. pi. iv. No. 5, but with A. in the
field and NI between the legs of the eagle on the thunderbolt, to
the left. Of the utmost degree of rarity, but only in fair pre-
servation — £9 95. Lot 474. Ptolemy VIII., Epiphanes, ^,
size 7g ; bust, to right, with radiated diadem and chlamys;
rev., cornucopia, with taenise, the mouth surrounded with a radiate
semicircle ; in the field Ai. Extremely rare and fine — £12 12«.
Lot 476. Gyrene, N, size 4 ; KTPANAI, Victory, conducting a
quadriga, to right; rev., rr]OAlANeEYS, Jupiter, standing, to
left, in the pallium, and holding a patera in his right hand over
an altar of a peculiar form. Extremely rare — £5 2«. Qd, Lot 477.
Cyrene, AT, size 4^; female, conducting a quadriga, to right;
above, a star ; rev., Jupiter Aetophorus, seated, to left, holding a
sceptre in his right hand and resting his left arm on the back of the
throne ; behind, an eagle, perched on the lituus — £7. Lot 478.
Hesperides (later, Berenice) Cyrenaica, M, size 3; E[Y]EI), iu
the angles of a sunk square, in the centre of the head of Jupiter-
Ammon, to right, within a circle ; rev., Silphiaji plwt Qf (}ie
utmost rarity, and in fine cundition-^£8.

1-37

XVIII.

ON A COPPER COIN OF THE CLASS STRUCK
AFTER THE DEATH OF ALEXANDER THE
GREAT, BY HIS GENERALS, BEFORE THEY
ASSUMED REGAL TITLES.

[Read before the Numismatic Society, April 25, 1861.]

The British Museum has recently acquired a coin which
I believe to be entirely new, and of no small importance
for the classification of the money struck during the
interval between the death of Alexander the Great,
B.C. 323, and the assumption of regal titles by the
generals, b.c. 306.

It may be thus described : —

Ohv. — Young' male head to the right, with the horn of
Ammon (?) clothed in the skin of an elephant's
head.

i?^t;.— [a]aes;anapo[Y] Anchor. -E, 2|.

This coin was brought from Persia by M. Richard,
vol. I. N.S. T

138 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

interpreter to the Shah, and purchased of Mr. Webster
for the Museum.

The type of the obverse, it is well known, has been
assigned with great reason to the younger Alexander, the
son of Roxana, by M. Pinder, who supposes the tetra-
drachms which bear it to have been struck in Egypt
by Ptolemy. He mentions a rare copper coin with the
same obverse-type, and, on the reverse, AAEHANAPOY
and the type of the staters of Alexander the Great, Victory
with the crown and vexiUum. Of this coin the Museum
possesses four examples, one of which was found at
Hamadan, the ancient Ecbatana. In the late Mr. Bur-
gon^s opinion, these pieces are always from the far East.
Our new coin, from its style, fabric, and size, belongs to
the same class. Its remarkable peculiarity is the reverse-
type, the anchor, the famous badge of Seleucus. It was,
therefore, struck by Seleucus before his assumption of the
regal title, and the Alexander, whose name it bears, can
only be Alexander the Great, or his son of the same name.
M. Pinder^s arguments that the tetradrachms with the
same head must have been struck by Ptolemy for the
younger Alexander, are so weighty, that it seems almost
certain that this is the proper type of that sovereign, and
if so, Seleucus is shown by this coin to have struck money
in the name of Alexander in the same manner as did
Ptolemy.

The only difficulty attendant on this explanation is,
that it seems strange that the reign of Alexander ^gus
should be commemorated by so insignificant a coinage of
Seleucus, whereas Ptolemy issued important and well-
executed coins. The reply to this is, that the memory
of Alexander, the deliverer from the Persians, was greatly
cherished in Egypt, and the hieroglyphic inscriptions show

COIN STRUCK AFTER THE DEATH OF ALEXANDER. 139

that Ptolemy there governed only in the name of his
representatives while they lived. » Seleucus may have
less strongly acknowledged what was bnt a nominal
supremacy, and the large issue of money by Alexander in
further Asia, may have rendered any subsequent coinage
in the precious metals unnecessary for several years.

Reginald Stuart Poole.

* I am of opinion that the copper coins hitherto ascribed to
Ptolemy of Epirus, are of Ptolemy I. of Egypt : if so, we have
some, ^^'ith the name Ptolemy alone, — ^ probably issued at Paphos,
for they bear what may be the head of the Paphian Venus
(comp. the remarkable coin in the Bank, Borrell, H, P. Rots
de Chypre, p. G8, seqq. fig. xvi.), and Ptolemy afterwards had a
mint there, — as well as others, like the tetradrachms which M.
Pinder assigns to Alexander ^Egus, with the title king, which
would be his earliest coinage as king. The former would, if
rightly attributed, have been issued by Ptolemy, in his own
name, in Cyprus, while he struck in the names of Philip and of
the younger Alexander in Egypt, unless, indeed, it was struck
between the death of the latter (311), and the assumption of the
regal title by Ptolemy (306). (See M. Pinder's paper in the
Beitrage zur Alteren Miinzkunde, i. p. 194, seqq. pi. viii. Die
Aera des Philippus und die ersten Konigsmunzen Aegyptens.)

140

XIX.

ON A HOAED OF COINS DISCOVERED AT
HOUNSLOW.

I HAVE been permitted to examine a hoard of coins recently

discovered at Hounslow, upon the premises of Mr. Gibson.

They consist of two hundred and ninety coins, all groats,

with one single exception, and eighty-six pieces of Charles

the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, all likewise of the groat

size. The English coins are as foUows : —

Specimens.
Henry V. or VI., struck at Calais ; an annulet between
the pellets in two quarters of the reverse. Kuding,
pi. iv. No. 9. (Both very much worn and clipped.) 2

Edward IV., 2nd coinage. London mint .... 182

York „ .... 32

„ „ Bristol „ .... 4

„ „ Norwich „ .... 3

„ „ Coventry „ .... 1

„ „ Dublin „ .... 1

„ „ London „ (a half groat) 1

Richard III. London mint 19

Henry VII. 1st coinage, with open crown. Hawkins,
No. 361-2 12

„ 2nd coinage, with arched crown ... 33

290
Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy. 1466-1477 . . 86

Total .... 376

Among the whole mass there is not a single specimen
in fine preservation. Many, indeed, are so oxidiaed and

ox A HOARD OF COINS DISCOVERED AT HOUNSLOW. 141

decayed, that the attribution is hardly certain, and the
mint-mark not discernible.

The mint-marks on the London groats of Edward IV.
are the coronet, annulet, pierced cross (in some instances
with a pellet to the right; in others to the left), sun,
rose, and heraldic cinquefoil; those with coronet being
much more numerous than the others. One of the
specimens with the annulet mint-mark has a full-blown
rose at each side of the neck ; two or three have a rose or
cinquefoil on the breast, and one has the letter OC or a;
that is, a Coventry or York obverse has been used with
a London reverse. The half groat is of the London mint,
and has a cross for mint-mark. The whole of these
pieces are of the light coinage, subsequent to his third
year.

The York groats have the usual mint-marks of lis and
sun; those of Bristol, sim and crown; the Coventry
specimen, the sun ; the Norwich are all so much defaced
that the mint-mark is not visible, as is the case with
many of York also.

The groats of Richard III. are all of the London mint.
The mint-marks are the boards head, and the united rose
and sun. No specimen occurs which combines the two
mint-marks on obverse and reverse.

The pieces of Henry VII. offer no peculiarity, and
some of the early ones are so decayed as to be barely
legible. It is somewhat remarkable that all those with
the arched crown (so far as the mint-mark can be made
out) have the same mint-mark — the heraldic cinquefoil.
The crown has in all the double arch.

The result of this discovery is fully to confirm — if
confirmation were required — the attribution which has
of late years been made, of certain of the pieces with

142 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

the open crown, bearing the name of Henry, to the
first coinage of Henry VII. Of the twelve specimens
of this class, the type is exactly like that of the pieces
of Richard III. ; they all read HENRIC. ; and none of
them will turn the scale at 48 grs. If they were of
Henry VI., they must all have been struck during the
few months of his restoration in 1470-1, which is very
improbable ; and, moreover, they differ, both in the type
of the head and in the legend, from those scarce specimens
reading HENRICV., which, from their weight being at
the rate of 12 grs. to the penny, like the coins of
Edward IV. subsequent to his third year, and from
their type resembling that of the coins of Edward IV.
rather than those of Richard III., must necessarily be
attributed to Henry VI. during his short restoration.
The specimens in the hoard under consideration, on the
other hand, resemble in type the groats of Richard III.,
but not those of Henry VI. or Edward IV., and, by parity
of reasoning, must be assigned to Henry VII.

Another inference to be drawn from an examination
of the hoard, is the remarkable celerity with which the
coinage disappeared from circulation.. Setting aside the
two Calais groats, the earliest coin in the parcel could
not have been struck before the year 1464, the fourth
year of Edward IV., and none can be later than 1502,
the eighteenth year of Henry VII., when he adopted the
profile portrait on his coinage. It is, indeed, probable
that the latest coins are several years earlier than that
date, because all the arched- crown groats have the
same mint-mark, and it is therefore fair to presume that
they are of the earliest issue of the type. It appears,
therefore, that in a hoard containing silver to the value
of between £6 and £7 of the period, equal to about £100

ON A HOARD OF COINS DISCOVERED AT HOUNSLOW. 143

at the present day, there were only two coins which
could by possibility have been much above thirty years
old, and probably were not above twenty. If a hoard
of a hundred pounds^ worth of silver, concealed at the
present day, should hereafter be discovered, it is more
than probable that it would contain many pieces of 1816,
and would be limited to that date only because everything
of a prior coinage was then called in. We therefore see
that in those early days, notwithstanding the small facili-
ties for circulation as compared with those of the present
time, one coinage replaced another more rapidly than
it does now.

The large proportion of Burgundian coins comprised
in the find is also a noticeable circumstance, and leads to
the conjecture that the parcel may have belonged to
some imfortunate adherent of Perkin Warbeck, who was
countenanced by the House of Burgundy, and whose
conspiracies against Henry VII. caused that monarch
so much uneasiness from 1491 to 1499.

J. B. Bergne.

144

XX.

ON THE ANGLO-IIANOVERIAN COPPER^COINAGE.

On the 1st of August, in the year 1714, George Lewis,
the Elector of Hanover, ascended the throne of the United
Kingdom ; and, as nothing in the Act of Succession pre-
cluded his retaining his Electoral dominions, Hanover,
save during a short period at the commencement of the
present century, formed a part of the British empire from
the date above given to the accession of the present Queen.
In Hanover, the Salic law prevailed ; and the death of
William IV., therefore, terminated an union which had
proved at all times expensive, and frequently disastrous^
to England, however advantageous it may have been to
Hanover.

The copper coinage of Hanover, during the reigns over
England of the princes of the house of Brunswick, comes,
therefore, within the province of British Numismatics ;
though no detailed account of it is at present accessible to
the English reader.

The coins present no great variety of types; and, tiU the
year 1814, were struck at two mints only — Clausthal and
Zellerfeld. Since the year 1789, the mint at the latter
town has been abandoned; and, in 1814, the town of
Hanover was enriched with a mint, which has been in full
activity ever since.

As most, indeed nearly all, the Hanoverian coins have
the initials of the mint-master, it will be necessary to give

ON THE ANGLO-HANOVERIAN COINAGE. 145

the names of these functionaries, during the period of the
English rule : —

I. Clausthal.
I. Christian Philipp Spangenherg, a.d. 1723 to 1751.
Vacancy from 1751 to 1753.
II. Johann Wilhehn Schlemm, a.d. 1753 to 1788.
Vacancy from 1788 to 1792.

III. Philipp Ludwig Magius, a.d. 1792 to 1800.
Vacancy from 1800 to 1802.

IV. Georg. Friedrich Michaelis, a.d. 1802 to 1807.

V. Johann Wilhelm Lunde, mint-director ^ a.d. 1807 to 1819.
Vacancy, 1819 to 1821.
VI. Wilhelm August. Julius Albert, administrator, a.d. 1821
to 1838.

II. Zellerfeld.

I. Ernst Peter Hecht, mint-master, a.d. 1723 to 1731.
II. Johann Alhrecht Brauns, a.d. 1731 to 1739.

III. Johann Benjamin Hecht, a.d. 1739 to 1763.

IV. Johann Anton Pfeffer, a.d. 1763 to 1773.

V. Ludwig Christian Euperti, a.d. 1773 to 1778.
Vacancy from 1778 to 1780.
VI. Christof. Engelhard Seidensticker, a.d. 1780 to 1785.
Vacancy from 1785 to 1789.

III. Hanover.

I. Christian Heinrich Haase, mint -director, a.d. 1814 to 1818.

II. Ludwig August. Bruel, a.d. 1818 to 1838.

The copper struck at Clausthal was brought from that
part of the Hartz district which belonged solely to the
Electoral house of Hanover. This mint ceased working in
the year 1849; and, since that period, Hanover alone has
had the privilege of coining money.

The Clausthal coins bear, on the obverse, the crowned
cypher of the sovereign, and, on the reverse, the value of

VOL. I. N.S. u

136 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

MausBolus, King of Caria, M, size 7; head of Apollo, three-
quarter face, having the laurel crown fastened under the chin ;
rev., MAYSSQAAO, Jupiter-LabradflBUS, walldng, to right, with
a long spear in his left hand, and a bipennis over his right
shoulder. A brilliant specimen — £16. Lot 402. Cos, insula, ^,
size 6 ; K02, a nude dancing Apollo, performing on the timbrel
in front of a tripod ; rev., a crab in the centre of four triangular
indentations. A finer specimen than usually met with —
£5 12«. Gd. Lot 404. Perekle, Lycia, M, size 2^ by 3^ ; lion s
scalp, front face ; rev. riPEKAi, and a triple grapnel. Extremely
rare, and very fine — £12. Lot 416. Artavasdes, King of
Armenia, -51, size 3J; head, with the usual tiara; rev., basiaeqs.
BA2IAEQN.APTAVASA. ., a figure conducting a quadriga at
full speed, to left — £5 5s. Lot 441. The shekel of Simon Mac-
cabseus, M, size 5^, wt. 213 grs., of the usual type, and of the year 2.
Extremely rare, and very fine — £8. Lot 453. Varahan II.,
Jf, size 4| ; heads of the king and his queen, side by side, with
that of their son facing them. Of the highest degree of rarity,
and very fine; wt. 113 grs. — £13. Lot 467. Ptolemy Soter,
AT, size 6 ; the pentadrachm, of the usual type — £6 12s, 6d,
Lot 468. Arsinoe Philadelphi, A^, size 8 ; the octodrachm, of
the usual type — £6 6«. Lot 469. Ptolemy III., Evergetes,
Jif size TJ ; the octodrachm, eEQN, heads of Ptolemy Soter and
Berenice ; rev., AAEa*QN, heads of Ptolemy Philadelphus and
Arsenoe. Fine— £13; Lot 472. Ptolemy V., Epiphanes, A',
size 7; diademed head, to right, with an ear of com on the
diadem ; type of Mt. Supp. pi. iv. No. 5, but with A. in the
field and NI between the legs of the eagle on the thunderbolt, to
the left. Of the utmost degree of rarity, but only in fair pre-
servation— £9 9s. Lot 474. Ptolemy 'VIIL, Epiphanes, Jf,
size 7|; bust, to right, with radiated diadem and chlamys;
rev., cornucopia, with tsenise, the mouth surrounded with a radiate
semicircle ; in the field Ai. Extremely rare and fine — £12 12s.
Lot 476. Oyrene, J^, size 4 ; KYPANAI, Victory, conducting a
quadriga, to right; rev., rrjOAlANGEYX, Jupiter, standing, to
left, in the pallium, and holding a patera in his right hand over
an altar of a peculiar form. Extremely rare — £5 2s. Qd, Lot 477.
Gyrene, Jf, size 4|; female, conducting a quadriga, to right;
above, a star ; rev., Jupiter Aetophorus, seated, to left, holding a
sceptre in his right hand and resting his left arm on the back of the
throne ; behind, an eagle, perched on the lituus — £7. Lot 478.
Hesperides (later, Berenice) Cyrenaica, M, size 3; E[Y]ES, in
the angles of a sunk square, in the centre of the head of Jupiter-
Ammon, to right, within a circle ; rev., Silphiaji plant Of tbe
utmost rarity, and in fiue cuDdition-*-£8.

XVIII.

ON A COPPER COIN OF THE CLASS STRUCK
AFTER THE DEATH OF ALEXANDER THE
GREAT, BY HIS GENERALS, BEFORE THEY
ASSUMED REGAL TITLES.

[Read before the Numismatic Society, April 25, 1861.]

It may be thus described : —

Ohv. — Young' male head to the right, with the horn of
Ammon (?) clothed in the skin of an elephant's
head.

JR^v.— [a]aes;anapo[Y] Anchor. M, 2|.

This coin was brought from Persia by M. Kichard,

VOL. I. N.S. T

138 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

interpreter to the Sliah^ and purchased of Mr. Webster
for the Museum.

The type of the obverse, it is well known, has been
assigned with great reason to the younger Alexander, the
son of Roxana, by M. Pinder, who supposes the tetra-
drachms which bear it to have been struck in Egypt
by Ptolemy. He mentions a rare copper coin with the
same obverse-type, and, on the reverse, AAEHANAPOY
and the type of the staters of Alexander the Great, Victory
with the crown and vexillum. Of this coin the Museum
possesses four examples, one of which was found at
Hamadan, the ancient Ecbatana. In the late Mr. Bur-
gon^s opinion, these pieces are always from the far East.
Our new coin, from its style, fabric, and size, belongs to
the same class. Its remarkable peculiarity is the reverse-
type, the anchor, the famous badge of Seleucus. It was,
therefore, struck by Seleucus before his assumption of the
regal title, and the Alexander, whose name it bears, can
only be Alexander the Great, or his son of the same name.
M. Finder's arguments that the tetradrachms with the
same head must have been struck by Ptolemy for the
younger Alexander, are so weighty, that it seems almost
certain that this is the proper type of that sovereign, and
if so, Seleucus is shown by this coin to have struck money
in the name of Alexander in the same manner as did
Ptolemy.

The only difficulty attendant on this explanation is,
that it seems strange that the reign of Alexander j^gus
should be commemorated by so insignificant a coinage of
Seleucus, whereas Ptolemy issued important and well-
executed coins. The reply to this is, that the memory
of Alexander, the deliverer from the Persians, was greatly
cherished in £gypt, and the hieroglyphic inscriptions show

COIN STRUCK AFTER THE DEATH OF ALEXANDER. 139

Reginald Stuart Poole.

* I am of opinion that the copper coins hitherto ascribed to
Ptolemy of Epirus, are of Ptolemy I. of Egypt : if so, we have
some, with the name Ptolemy alone, — ^ probably issued at Paphos,
for they bear what may be the head of the Paphian Venus
(comp. the remarkable coin in the Bank, Borrell, H. P, Rots
de Chi/pre, p. G8, seqq. fig. xvi.), and Ptolemy afterwards had a
mint there, — as well as others, like the tetradrachms which M.
Pinder assigns to Alexander -^gus, with the title king, which
would be his earliest coinage as king. The former would, if
rightly attributed, have been issued by Ptolemy, in his own
name, in Cyprus, while he struck in the names of Philip and of
the younger Alexander in Egypt, unless, indeed, it was struck
between the death of the latter (311), and the assumption of the
regal title by Ptolemy (306). (See M. Pinder's paper in the
Beitrage zur Alteren Miinzkunde, i. p. 194, seqq. pi. viii. Die
Aera des Philippus und die ersten Konigsmunzen Aegyptens.)

140

XIX.

ON A HOAED OF COINS DISCOVERED AT
HOUNSLOW.

I HAVE been permitted to examine a hoard of coins recently
discovered at Hoimslow, upon the premises of Mr. Gibson.
They consist of two hundred and ninety coins, all groats,
with one single exception, and eighty-six pieces of Charles
the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, all likewise of the groat
size. The English coins are as follows : —

Specimens.
Henry V. or VI., struck at Calais ; an annulet between
the pellets in two quarters of the reverse. Ending,
pi. iv. No. 9. (Both very much worn and clipped.)

Edward IV., 2nd coinage. London mint ....

York
„ Bristol

„ Norwich

„ Coventry

„ Dublin

„ London

London mint . . .
Ist coinage, with open crown

Richard III.

Henry VII.
No. 361-2

(a half groat)

Hawkins,
2nd coinage, with arched crown . . .

182

12
33

Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy. 1466-1477

Total . .

290
86

376

Among the whole mass there is not a single specimen
in fine preservation. Many, indeed, are so oxidized and

ON THE ANGLO-HANOVERIAN COINAGE. 151

The early Hanoverian coins of George III. resemble
those of his grandfather and great-grandfather.

It appears that coins of a larger denomination were
required than had hitherto been current, and George III.,
therefore, struck pieces of four pfennings, and of two
pfennings, weighing, respectively, 200 and 100 grains.
They are, however, generally deficient from 10 to 15
grains in the four-pfenning piece, and from 5 to 10 in the
piece of two-pfennings. One fine example in my own
cabinet weighs 190 grains. These coins are found of all
the three types.

Coins with the Cypher.

Pieces of four Pfennings.

1. Ohv, — The royal cypher crowned, as usual; under
it, P. L. M.
Rev, — 4 I Pfenning | Scheide | Muntz | 1794

Ohv. and Rev.-

—As usual

1796

do.

1796

Pieces of two Pfennings.

Ohv. and Rev.-

—As usual

1794

do.

1796

do.

1797

do.

1798

do.

1799

do.

1800

10.

do.

1800

11.

do.

do. C.

1801

'l2.

do.

do. G. P. M.

1802

13.

do.

1803

■lo.

do.

1804

do.

1807

150 numismatic chronicle.

Coins bearing the Wild Man.

38. Ohv. — The wild man as usual, holding, in his
right hand, the fir-tree, with branches on
both sides ; beneath, 0. P. S.
Rev, — As usual ; no date ; stars of six points.

39.

Ohv. ai

id Rev.— A

Is usua

J;I.A.B.

; clovei

r crosses 1732

40.

Do.

do.

1737

41.

Do.

do.

I. B. H.

1741

42.

Do.

do.

1742

43.

Do.

do.

1743

44.

Do.

do.

1745

45.

Do.

do.

1747

46.

Do.

do.

1749

47.

Do.

do.

1762

48.

Do.

do.

1754

49,

Do.

do.

1766

60.

Do.

do.

1756

61.

Do.

do.

do:

1758

62.

Do.

do.

under the date,

a rose, with five triangular leaves 1769

53. Ohv, B,ndL Rev, — As usual; LB. H.; under the

date, a rose, as No. 52 1760

These coins spell the word Miiiitz, sometimes with V,
sometimes with U.

GEORGE WILLIAM -GEORGE III. OP ENGLAND.

The coins struck in Hanover^ during this long reign,
may be divided into three classes. Those struck by
George III., as Elector, those struck by the authority of
the King of Westphalia, from 1807 to 1814, and those
struck by George IIL, as king, from 1814 to 1820.

The second class will not come under our notice.

ON THE ANGLO-HANOVERIAN COINAGE. 151

The early Hanoverian coins of George III. resemble
those of his grandfather and great-grandfather.

Coins with the Cypher.

Pieces of four Pfennings.

1. Ohv» — The royal cypher crowned, as usual; under

it, P. L. M.
Rev. — 4 I Pfenning | Soheide | Muntz | 1794

2. Ohv, and Rev. — As usual 1795

3. do. do. do. 1796

Pieces of two Pfennings.

4. Ohv. and Rev, — As usual 1794

1796
1797
1798
1799
1800
1800
1801
1802
1803
1804
1807

do.

10.

do.

11.

do.

12.

do.

G. F. M,

13.

do.

14.

do.

15.

do.

152 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

16. Ohv, and Bev, — As usual; under the cypher,

the date, five -leaved roses on each
side the numeral on the reverse 1817

17. do. do. As usual 1818

Pieces op 1^ Pfennings.

18. O&v. and iJci;.— As usual; C. 1792

19. do. do. do. P.L.M. 1792

Pfennings.

All these coins, save the first, have the word Pfenning
abbreviated to Pfenn., and this contraction continued to
be adopted till the year 1814.

20. Ohv. and Rev.—AB usual; I .W. S. 1761

21. do. do. do. do. 1762

1763
1764
1765
1767
1768
1769
1770
1771
1772
1773
1774

All these coins have I.W.S. under the cypher.

33. Obv, and Rev. — As usual; over the crown
I.W.S. 1775

34. Obv, and Rev. — As usual 1776

35. do. do. do. 1777

36. do. do. do. 1778

22.

do.

23.

do.

24.

do.

25.

do.

26.

do.

27.

do.

28.

do.

29.

do.

30.

do.

do. .

do.

31.

do.

32.

do.

37.

Obv. and Rev.-

-As usual

38,

do.

39.

do.

40.

do.

41.

do.

42.

do.

43.

do.

44.

do.

45.

do.

46.

do.

47.

do.

48.

do.

ON THE ANGLO-HANOVERIAN COINAGE. 153

1779

1780
1781
1782
1783
1784
1785
1786
1787
1788
1789
1790

All these coins have I.W.S. over the crown. The above
have slight variations in the dots after the words Pfenn.
and Muntz.

49. Ohv, and Rev.—A& usual 1790

50. do. do. do. 1791

51. do. do. do. 1792

These have C. under the cypher.

52. Ohv, and Rev,— Kb usual 1793

1794
1795
1796
1797
1798
1799
1800

These have P.L.M. under the cypher.

60. Ohv. and Rev.—A& usual 1801

6i. do. do. do. 1802

These have C. under the cypher.

VOL. I. N.S. X

53.

do.

54.

do.

• do.

55.

do.

56.

do.

57.

do.

58.

do.

69.

do.

146 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

the coin and the date ; but, when the copper was brought
from the mine at Andreasberg, then, in lieu of the crowned
cypher, appears the figure of St. Andrew bearing his cross.

The coins of Zellerfeld were struck from copper, the pro-
duct of that part of the Hartz district which was held in
common by the Electoral house of Hanover and the Ducal
house of Brunswick Wolfen-biittel. Of this, three-fifths
belonged to the former, and two-fifths to the latter.

The coins bear, on the obverse, the wild man ; and, on
the reverse, the value of the coin, with the date. The
wild man holds in his hand a fir-tree, with branches on the
right side only. The coins of Brunswick Wolfen-biittel
bear the same wild man, but he holds the fir-tree in his
left hand, and the branches are on both sides. After 1789,
when the business of the Zellerfeld mint was transferred
to Clausthal, the Hanoverian wild man bore his fir-tree
with branches on both sides.

It is to be noticed that on some of the coins struck at
Clausthal and Zellerfeld the letter C. appears. This sig-
nifies ^^ commission ;^' and it will be found to occur only
during those years in which there was a vacancy in the
oflBice of mint-master, or director, and the duties of that
oflBice were performed by a commission. After the year
1834, this letter C. is replaced by A. ; and the new initial
signifies ^^ administration,'^

We shall now proceed to describe the coins struck in the
three mints of Clausthal, Zellerfeld, and Hanover.

GEORGE LEWIS, ELECTOR— GEORGE I., KING

OF ENGLAND.

Coins with the Royal Cypher.

Pieces of 1^ Pfennings.

1. Ohv, — Under the crown of England, G.L.R. in monogram.

ON THE ANGLO-HANOVEBIAN COINAGE. 147

Rev, — IJ I Pfenning | Scheide | Muntz | 1718 | In
five lines. On each side of the IJ, and under the
date, a quatrefoil of clover leaves. Weight, 66 grs.

2. Similar to the foregoing, but stars instead of clover crosses

by the 1 J ; nothing under the date.

3. Similar ; but with a star under the date.

4. Similar to No. 1, but two dots after Muntz. 1721.

5. Similar, with date, 1722.

Pfennings.

6. Ohv. — G. R., crowned.

Eev, — 1 I Pfenning | Scheide | Muntz | 1717 | Two
clover crosses, one on each side the numeral ; under
the date, a rosette of six leaves. Weight, 50 grs.

7. Ohv. — As before ; no dot after Muntz.

8. Obv. and Rcv.—Ab No. 6 ; but date, 1719.

9. Ohv. and i?ev.— Stars, instead of clover crosses, 1722.

10. Obv, and Rev. — Like the last ; but a rosette under the

date.

11. Ohv, — G. R., crowned ; underneath, H. 0. B.

Rev, — 1 I Pfenning | Scheide | Mcntz | 1723 | A
four-leaved rose on each side of the numeral, and a
rosette under date.

Coins with the figure of St. Andrew,

12. Obv, — The saint, with a glory round his head, clothed in

flo>ving robes ; behind him, a large cross, which he
holds with his left arm.

Rev, — 1 I Pfenning | Scheide | Muntz | 1725 | A star
of seven rays on each side of the numeral.

13. Obv, and Rev, — Like the preceding ; date 1726.

14. Obv, and Rev, — Similar ; roses, instead of stars.

148 numismatic chronicle.

Coins with the Wild Man.
15. Ohv, — A wild, bearded man, the head crowned with
leaves, holding, in his right hand, a fir-tree, with
three branches to the right, his left hand on his
side ; on the ground, several small trees. In the
exergue, E. P. H.

Rev, — 1 I Pfenning | Scheide | Muntz | 1724 | A
clover cross on each side the II.

IG. Ohv, and i?et;.— Same, 1725.

17. Ohv. and i?ct;.— Same, 1726.

GEORGE AUGUSTUS— GEORGE II., OF
ENGLAND.

Pieces of 1^ Pfennings.
J. Ohv, — G. R. in cypher, crowned ; under it, S.
Rev, — 1| I Pfenning | Scheide | Muntz ] 1750.

2. Ohv, and Rev, — Similar ; but V instead of U, in Muntz.

Pfennings.

3. 6>&i;.— Royal cypher, crowned ; underneath, C. P. SI
Rev,—1 I Pfenning | Scheide | Muntz | 1729 |

Clover crosses on each side of numeral.

4. Ohv, — As usual ; no moneyer's initials.
Rev.— Do. six-leaved roses, instead of

clover crosses

1732

Ohv.

and Rev.-

—As usual ;

; stars of six rays

1733

Do.

do.

0. P. S.

1734

Do.

do.
crosses

do.

do. clover

1734

Do.

do.

stars of six rays

1736

Do.

do.

do. do.

1739

10.

Do.

do.
date

do.

a round rose under

1740

11.

Do.

do.

C. P. S., round roses

1741

ON THE ANGLO-HANOVERIAN COINAGE. 149

12. Ohv. and Rev, — As usual; 8., stars of six rays 1742

13.

Do.

do.

round roses 1743

14.

Do.

do.

C.P.S., stars of six rays 1744

16.

Do.

do.

clover crosses 1745

16.

Do.

do.

C.P.8., clover crosses 1745

17.

Do.

do.

stars of six rays 1746

18.

Do.

do.

clover crosses 1746

19.

Do.

do.

stars of six rays 1747

20.

Do.

do.

clover crosses ; under

date, a rosette

1748

21.

Do.

do.

clover crosses 1749

22.

Do.

do.

I. W.S., clover crosses 1763

23.

Do.

do.

S. star of six rays 1763

24.

Do.

do.

stars of six points 1763

26.

Do.

do.
five leaves

do.

I. W. 8., rosettes of

1763

26.

Do.

do.

clover crosses 1764

27.

Do.

do.

S. 1764

28.

Do.

do.

I.W. 8., clover crosses

on each side of moneyer's name, as vrell as

on the reverse

1764

29.

Do.

do.

clover crosses 1756

30.

Do.

do.

clover crosses 1766

31.

Do.

do.
five leaves

do.

I. W. S., rosettes of

1767

32.

Do.

do.

nor rosettes

do.

do. no stars

1768

33.

Do.

do.

do. do. 1769

Coins bearing the image of St. Andrew.

34. Ohv, — Figure of St. Andrew, bearing his cross.

Rev. — As usual ; clover crosses 1729

35. Ohv, and Rev, — As usual ; roses of six leaves 1732
3G. Do. do. do. stars of six points 1734
37. Do. do. do. do. do. do. 1739

150 numismatic chronicle.

Coins bearing the Wild Man.

38. Ohv, — The wild man as usual, holding, in his
right hand, the fir-tree, with branches on
both sides ; beneath, 0. P. S.
Rev, — As usual ; no date ; stars of six points.

39.

Obv. and Rev.-

—As usual;

;I.A.B.

J clover

crosses 1732

40.

Do.

do.

1737

41.

Do.

do.

I. B. H.

1741

42.

Do.

do.

1742

43.

Do.

do.

1743

44.

Do.

do.

1745

45.

Do.

do.

1747

46.

Do.

do.

1749

47.

Do.

do.

1752

48.

Do.

do.

1764

49.

Do.

do.

1755

60.

Do.

do.

1766

61.

Do.

do.

do:

1768

62.

Do.

do.

under the date,

a rose, with five triangular leaves 1759

53. Ohv. a.nd Eev. — As usual; LB. H.; under the

date, a rose, as No. 52 1760

These coins spell the word Muntz, sometimes with V,
sometimes with U.

GEORGE WILLIAM -GEORGE III. OP ENGLAND.

The coins struck in Hanover, during this long reign,
may be divided into three classes. Those struck by
George III., as Elector, those struck by the authority of
the King of Westphalia, from 1807 to 1814, and those
struck by George III., as king, from 1814 to 1820.

The second class will not come under our notice.

ON THE ANGLO-HANOVERIAN COINAGE. 151

The early Hanoverian coins of George III. resemble
those of his grandfather and great-grandfather.

Coins with the Cypher.

Pieces of four Pfennings.

1. Ohv, — The royal cypher crowned, as usual; under
it, P. L. M.
Rev, — 4 I Pfenning | Scheide | Muntz | 1794

Ohv.

and Rev. — .

A.8 usual

1796

do.

do.
Pieces

do.
OP TWO Pfennings.

1796

Ohv.

and Rev, — .

A.S usual

1794

do.

1796

do.

1797

do.

1798

do.

1799

do.

1800

10.

do.

1800

11.

do.

do. C.

1801

12.

do.

do. G. F. M.

1802

13.

do.

1803

14.

do.

1804

15.

do.

1807

152 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

16. Ohv, and Eev. — As usual; under the cypher,

the date, five -leaved roses on each
side the numeral on the reverse 1817

17. do. do. As usual 1818

Pieces op 1^ Pfennings.

18. Obv, and Rev, — As usual; C.

1792

19. do. do. do. P.L.M.

1792

Pfennings.

All these coins, save the first, have the word Pfenning
abbreviated to Pfenn., and this contraction continued to
be adopted till the year 1814.

20.

Obv. and Eev.-

—As usual;

I.W.S.

1761

21.

do.

1762

22.

do.

1763

23,

do.

1764

24.

do.

1766

25.

do.

1767

26.

do.

1768

27.

do.

1769

28.

do.

1770

29.

do.

1771

30.

do.

do. .

do.

1772

31.

do.

1773

32.

do.

1774

All these coins have I.W.S. under the cypher.

33. Obv. and Eev, — As usual; over the crown

I.W.S. 1775

34. Obv. and Rev. — As usual 1776

35. do. do. do. 1777

36. do. do. do. 1778

ON THE ANGLO-HANOVERIAN COINAGE. 153

1779
1780
1781
1782
1783
1784
1785
1786
1787
1788
1789
1790

All these coins have I .W. S . over the crown. The above
have slight variations in the dots after the words Pfenn.
and Muntz.

49. Ohv. and Rev.— Kb usual 1790

50. do. do. do. 1791

51. do. do. do. 1792

37.

Obv. and Rev.-

—As usual

38,

do.

39.

do.

40.

do.

41.

do.

42.

do.

43.

do.

44.

do.

45.

do.

46.

do.

47.

do.

48.

do.

These have C. under the cypher.

52.

Olv.

and Rev.-

—As usual

53.

do.

54.

do.

• do.

55.

do.

56.

do.

57.

do.

68.

do.

59.

do.

1793
1794
1795
1796
1797
1798
1799
1800

These have P.L.M. under the cypher.

60. Ohv, and Rev. — As usual 1801

61. do. do. do. 1802

These have C. under the cypher.

VOL. I. N.S. X

154 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

62. Obv. and Rcv.^Ab usual 1802

63. do. do. do. 1803

64. do. do. do. 1804

65. do. do. do. 1806

These have C. under the cypher.

66. Obv, and Hcv.—Ab usual; C. 1814

67. do. do. do. H. 1814

68. Obv, and Rev. — As usual ; date under the

cypher, in place of date on reverse, 0. 1817

69. Obv. and i?6i;.— Similar 1818

70. do. do. do. 1819

71. do. do. do. 1820

Coins bearing the figure of St. Andrew.
Pieces of Four Pfennings.

72. Obv, — The saint as usual ; underneath 0.

Rev. — 4 I Pfenning | Soheidb | Muntz 1792

Pfennings.

73. Obv. and i^w.— Similar, hut P. L. M. 1794

74. Obv. — The saint as before ; in exergue I. W. S.

Rev.-

-As usual

1780

76.

Obv. and JRev.—

As usual

1781

76.

do.

only S. in

exergue 1782

77.

do.

Similar

1783

78.

do.

1784

79.

do.

1786

80.

do.

1786

81.

do.

1787

82.

do.

1788

83.

do.

1789

84.

do.

P.L.M.

1793

Coins with the Wild Man.
85. Obv. and Rev. — As usual ; in exergue of ob-

87.

do.

88.

do.

89.

do.

90.

do.

91.

do.

>do.

do.

92.

do.

93.

do.

94.

do.

ON THE ANGLO-HANOVERIAN COINAGE. 155

verse I.B.H. ; on reverse rosettes composed of
five triangles on each side of the numeral I. 1762

86. Obv. and JZm;.— Similar ; I. A. P. 1763

1764
1765
1766
1768
1769
1770
L.O.R. 1774

1775

The following have five-leaved roses on reverse.

95. Otv. and JR(?i7.— Similar 1776

96. do. do. do. 1777

97. do. do. do. 1778

98. Obv. and Hev.—Aa usual 1780

99. do. do. do. 1781

100. do. do. do. 1783

101. do. do. do. 1784

102. do. do. do. 1785

103. do. do. do. 1788

The above coins omit the smaller trees on the ground ;
they have C. E. S. save the last, which bears only S.

104. Ohv. and iJev.— -As usual; P.L.M. 1792

The following coins exhibit the fir-tree with branches
on both sides.

105. Ohv. and Rev.-^AB usual; P. L. M. 1794

106. do. do. do. 1795

107. do. do. do. 1796

108. Obv. and Jlev.—As usual; G. F. M. 1804

156 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

GEORGE AUGUSTUS FREDERICK-
GEORGE IV. OF ENGLAND.

The coinage of George IV. proceeded on the same
principles as that of his predecessors, nor were any new
types adopted. We have of this reign no coins with the
wild man, nor any with the figure of St. Andrew. The
monotonous royal cypher is all that remains.

Pieces of Four Pfennings.

1. Ohv, and Rev. — As usual; the date under the

cypher ; on reverse C. 1827

Pieces of Two Pfennings.
2. Ohv, and Rev, — As usual ; five-leaved roses on

reverse

1821

The following have no roses on the reverse by the sides
of the numerals ; they exhibit certain slight varieties as
to points and stops.

-As usual 1822

do. 1823

do. 1824

do. 1826

do. 1827

do. 1828

do. 1829

do. 1830

Pfennings.
These coins have five-leaved roses on the sides of the
numeral on the reverse, and imder the royal cypher the
initial C.

11, Ohv, and Rev. — As usual 1821

Olv.

and Rev,

do.

10.

do.

13,

do.

14.

do.

16.

do.

16.

do.

17.

do.

18.

do.

19.

do.

20.

do.

ON THE ANGLO-HANOVERIAN COINAGE. 157

12. Ohv. and jBw.— As usual 1822

1823
1824
1825
1826
1827
1828
1829
1830

These have B. instead of G. on the reverse.

21. Olv, and R&o.—A.^ usual 1826

22. do. do. do. 1828

23. do. do. do. 1829

24. do. do. do. 1830

WILHELM— WILLIAM IV. OF ENGLAND.

The coins of this monarch exhibit a new variety — ^we
have, for the first time, the shield of arms, gules, a horse
galloping to the right, argent ; crowned by the crown of
Hanover.

At the same time, the old device of the crowned cypher
was continued. The cypher adopted by William IV.
was somewhat more complicated than that used by his
predecessors ; it consisted of W. interlaced with two R's.

Coins with the Cypher.
Pieces of Four Pfennings.

1. Ohv. and jKcv.— As usual; 0. 1831

Pieces of Two Pfennings.

2. O&v. and ^ct;.— Asusual; 0. 1831

3. do. do. do. 1833

4. do. do. do. 1834

158 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

5. Ohv, and JRev. — As usual ; under cypher, IV. ;

date on reverse 1834

Pfennings.

Obv.

and Rev,-

—As usual

;C.

1831

do.

1832

do.

1833

do.

1833

10.

do.

1833

11.

do.

1834

12.

do.

do. under the cy

pher, IV.

on the reverse the date 1834:

Coins bearing the Shield of Arms.

13. Ohv, — A crowned shield as described —

KoN. I Hannover | Scheide | Muntz

Eev.-^2 I Pfennige | A. 1835

14. Ohv. and i^ev.— Sunilar; A. 1836

15. do. do. do. A. 1837

16. do. do. do. milled edge 1837

Pfennings.

17.

Obv, and Bev.-

-Similar; A.

1835

18.

do.

do. A.

1836

19.

do.

do. A-

1837

20.

do.

do. B.

1835

21,

do.

do. B.

1836

22.

do.

do. B.

1837

With the accession of Victoria to the crown of England
that of Hanover fell to Ernest Augustus, Duke of Cum-
berland; from thenceforth, Ernest Augustus, King of
Hanover. And the coins struck in Hanover cease to be
portions of the coinage of the British empire.

There are, however, a few coins which will still deserve

ON THE ANOLO-HANOVERIAN COINAGE. • 159

a notice here, because, though not strictly speaking British
coins, they were yet struck by the authority and bear the
names of British princes. Of these, we shall mention
the coins of —

Charles, Duke op Brunswick and Lunenburgh.

This prince was under the guardianship of George IV.
from 1816 to 1823, and his coins, or rather some of them,
bear his guardian^s name and titles as well as his own. Of
these we have —

Pfennings.

1. Ohv. — A horse galloping to the right, Qeorg.

p. R. T. N. OaROLI D. BR. BT L.

Rev, — 1 I Pfenning | Scheide | Muntz 1816

The reverse of this coin has clover crosses by the sides
of the numeral. In the exergue of the obverse F. R. The
legend may be fiilly expressed thus —

Georgius Princeps Regens tutoris nomine Caroli
Ducis Brunswici et Lunenbergensis.

2. Ohv, and i?ct;.— Similar 1817

3. do. do. do. 1818

4. do. do. do. 1819

5. do. do. do. 1820

The P. R. is sometimes omitted.

6. Ohv. and i?ct;.— Similar 1819

7. do. do. do. 1820

No moneyer's initials on the above.

Pieces Struck during the Reign op George IV.
Pieces of Two Pfennings.

8. Ohv, B,ndi Rev, — Similar; Georg. IV. d. gr.

TUT. N. &c.^ reverse has the initials M. 0. 1820

160 • NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

9. Ohv. and i?cv.— -Similar 1823

Pfennings.
The following coins have the initials C. V. C.
10. 06v. and 7?cv.— Similar 1820

11.

do.

do, do.

1822

12.

do.

do. do.

East Friesland.

1823

This province was under Hanoverian rule from the
year 1815, and we have three coins struck in the name
and by the authority of George IV. in 1823, 1824, 1825 :
they bear on the obverse the crowned cypher of the king,
and beneath it the numeral IV. ; reverse in four lines,
i I STUBER. I OsT. I Friesisch, and the date, the word
Stuber being in larger letters than the rest.

Henry Christmas.

IGl

XXL

UNPUBLISHED COIN OF CARAUSIUS.

The silver coin of Carausius, of which a woodcut is given
above, was discovered, some little time ago, in the neighbour-
hood of Abingdon, and was communicated to the Numis-
matic Society in January, 1861, by Henry B. Godwin, Esq.,
of Newbury, through the intervention of Mr. Akerman.
It is, we believe, unpublished; for, though the type of
neither obverse nor reverse presents any feature of novelty,
yet they have never hitherto been known to occur in asso-
ciation with each other ; and the state of preservation of
the coin is so admirable that, were it not unpublished, no
excuse would be needed for a representation of it being
given in our pages. It may be thus described : —

(96v.— IMP. CARAVSIVS P.F. AVG. Laureate bust
of the emperor to the left, with his right hand hold-
ing a sceptre surmounted by an eagle. His chest
and shoulders encased in an ornamental cuirass, over
which is thrown an embroidered scarf or lorum,

7?cv.— CONCORDIA MILITVM. Two right hands
joined. In the exergue, R.S.R.

As has already been observed, the type of the obverse
occurs on other silver coins, and is found associated with
the reverses of ADVENTVS AVG., PAX AVG., VBERI-
TAS AVG., and also with CONCORD. MILIT.,i where

» Mon. Hist. Biit. PI. v., Nos. 5, 27, 3G, 37, and 9.

VOL. I. N.S. Y

162 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

the type is a female figure, holding two military standards.
Stukeley^ also gives it as occurring with the FELICITAS
AVG. reverse, with the type of a galley. It is worthy of
notice that, on all the coins of Carausius, on which his
bust is represented in this manner, it is universally turned
to the left, and never to the right. There is considerably
more than usual shown of the bust, and the embroidered
lorum — ^the badge under the Lower Empire of the con-
sular office, and as such worn by the emperors — ^is con-
spicuous upon it.

The type of the reverse is well-known and of not unfre-
quent occurrence on Imperial coins, from the time of
Nerva, downwards; it is also found on the copper coins
of Carausius. The "right hand of fellowship" [the com-
missa dextera dextrce] was emblematic of concord in all

ages: —

*' Id habet concordia signnm,
Ut quos jungit amor, jungat et ipsa manus."

The R.S.R. on the exergue of these coins has never
been satisfactorily explained. It has, however, been gene-
rally considered to refer the coins to Rutupium (Rich-
borough), as their place of mintage. On some few coins
the S is replaced by an X, which does not appear to facili-
tate an interpretation of this mystery. The coin which
forms the subject of this notice has since been sold, by
Messrs. Sotheby and Wilkinson, for £19 !

J. E.

' Med. Hist, of CarausiiiB, PI. iii. 1.

163

XXII.

ON A LEGIONARY COIN OF CARAUSIUS.

[Read before the Numismatic Society, May 23, 1861.]

At the last meeting of the Numismatic Society, I had the
pleasure of exhibiting, on behalf of Mr. Joseph Warren, of
Ixworth, a cast of a third brass coin of Carausius, having,
on the reverse, a rim to the right, with the letters ML on
the exergue, but with only the final N of the legend visible;
and I observed that, though several specimens of this type
were known, yet that the legend had never been satis-
factorily completed. I was at that time inclined to accept
Stukeley^s reading of LEG . VIII . IN . and to regard
the latter as an abbreviation of INVICTA, especially as
Akerman, No. 90, and the compilers of the Mon. Hist.
Brit., pi. viii.. No. 31, place the coin with the legend
LEG. . . . IN, with a ram for its device, immediately
after that of the Eighth Legion with a bull; and Haym, in
his ^^ Tesoro Britannico,'' tab. xxx. 7, gives a coin reading
LEG . VIII . . . IN, with the ram for type, and ML in
the exergue.

Turning to Stukeley's "MedaUic History of Carausius,"
we find coins of this type engraved as of silver in pi. i. 9,
with the legend LEG . VIII . IN, and pi. xx. 3, with LEG .
VIII . INV. ; and as of brass, but with the ram to the
left, pi. xxviii. 4, and the legend LEG . VIII . IN..
Such a concurrence of testimony in favour of assigning
Mr. Joseph Warren's coin to the Eighth Legion seems, at
first sight, conclusive ; but a farther investigation tends to

164 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

prove that^ instead of commemorating the Eighth Legion,
it was struck in honour of the First.

At the time that I wrote the short observations that
accompanied the exhibition of the coin, I had not by me
that valuable storehouse of information respecting the coins
of Carausius — C. Roach Smithes " Collectanea Antiqua/'
In that work, vol. iv. pi. xxx. 5, is engraved, from the col-
lection of the late Lord Londesborough, a coin with the ram
to the left, on the reverse, and the termination of the legend,
of which only IN, and a part of a previous letter, remain.
Mr. Roach Smith remarks, ^^A coin in the cabinet of
Mr. Charles Hall, with a ram, reads — LEG. I. MI. I am
therefore induced, by comparison with that in the cabinet
of Lord Londesborough, to read the legend in full, as
LEG. I. MIN — Legio Prima Minervia. Inscriptions show
that the First Legion, sumamed Minervia, was stationed
on the Rhine, over a considerable period of time. It is
not improbable that some portion, at least, of this legion
may have sided with Carausius. The few known examples
of this type are in very bad preservation, with the exception
of that referred to above.**

This reading is fully borne out by another coin from
the Rolfe Collection, also engraved in the " Collec-
tanea Antiqua,** vol. v. pi. xvii. 8, with the ram to the
right, exactly as on Mr. Joseph Warren's coin, with the
legend LEG. I. ML, and ML. on the exergue. The
original, which is now in my own collection, but which,
at the time of our last meeting I had not examined, I
now have the pleasure of exhibiting. There is no doubt
of the correctness of the reading LEG. I. ML, while at
the same time, in a less perfectly preserved coin, it is
evident that I.M.I, might easily have been mistaken for
VIII. , and until some more conclusive testimony than at

ON A LEGIONARY COIN OF CARAUSIUS. 165

present exists can be brought forward^ I think that the
claims of the Eighth Legion to these coins must stand in
abeyance, and that they must be assigned to the First.
There is no record of the title of Minervia ever having
been given to the Eighth Legion, and its emblem on
the coins of Carausius, is the bull rather than the
ram.

Why the ram should have been assumed by a legion
under the patronage of Minerva, is not, at first sight, so
apparent; as this animal appears on coins to have been
more the symbol of Mercury, at whose feet it is found on
various Greek coins both autonomous and imperial. The
ram was, however, a fitting emblem to be adopted by one
of the Roman legions, as not only was it sacred to Mars,*
but its Latin name of Aries has, by some,* been considered
to have been derived from Ares — Mars. Its Greek name
of KpioQ is allied with Kpovu), to strike, and similar
analogies are found in other languages. As a symbol
of power, we find his horns upon the head of Ammon,
who, by Diodorus Siculus, is said to have worn them
as a sort of crest on his helmet. The constellation
Aries, the first sign of the Zodiac, is said to have been so
called in honour of Jupiter Ammon ; but it seems to have
been also regarded as sacred to Minerva, which may
account for the ram being the symbol on these coins of a
Minervian Legion. The "triste Minervae Sidus^^ of Virgil
(iEn., lib. ii. v. 258), is said by Servius to be this con-
stellation. The reason being, that as Minerva was the
goddess of counsel, this constellation, by her aid, was able
to guide all the others which follow it, in their due course.

* Macrobius, lib. i. cap. 21.

' Wachtcr, Archseologia Numismatica, p. (j5.

166 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

" Consilium ipse suum est Aries ut priiicipe dignum est," '
says Manilius.

The ram being the first of the signs of the zodiac,
may also have had some influence in causing it to be
adopted as the device of the First Legion.

Let us now trace a portion of the history of this legion,
or rather of the particular First Legion, which was known
as Minervia ; for it was the custom among the Romans, in
some instances, to have several legions, each known by
the same number, but distinguished by different appella-
tions. There were, for instance, under Augustus,* three
Third Legions, the Gallica, Cyrenaica, and Augusta;
and two Sixth Legions, the Victrix and Ferrata. Of the
various First Legions, we find the following on coins —
LIB. MACRIANA, of Clodius Macer; ADIVTRIX of
Severus and GaUienus; AVGVSTA and ITALICA of
Gallienusj besides which there was the MINERVIA,
of which I will now speak.

This legion was first formed under Domitian, in Lower
Germany,* and was placed by him imder the tutelage of
Minerva, from the peculiar veneration in which he held
that goddess, — :as witness his numerous coins which bear
her effigy. In fact, he intended this legion to bear her
image on its ensigns, and this is the case on some of the
coins which bear its name. Its first appearance upon
Roman coins is under Severus, when both gold and silver
were struck with the legend LEG. I. MIN. TR. P. COS.
on the reverse, the type being a legionary eagle between
two military ensigns, the same as on coins with the names

^ Manilius Astron. 1, 2.

' Dion. Cass., Ub. Iv. p. 7^4, ed. 1762.

' Ibid., p. 7^7.

ON A LEGIONARY COIN OF CARAUSIUS. 167

of Other legions upon them. Its next appearance is
under Gallienus, with the type of Minerva holding the
palladium, and resting on a buckler, with a hasta on her
left arm. There are two varieties of legend — the first
LEG. I. MIN. VI. P. VI. F., and the other with VII. P.
VII. F., showing that, in consequence of another victory
under Gallienus, this legion had been hailed as Pia Felix
for the seventh time.

It would appear as if some portion of this legion had
taken part with Aureolus in lUyria, when he revolted
against Gallienus, for among the extremely rare brass
coins of this tyrant, one is said to bear the legend
LEG. I. MIN. RESTITVTA, as if this first Minervian
legion had been reconstructed by him. The type shows
Minerva and Aureolus joining hands, with a palm branch
between them. There is, however, some doubt as to the
authenticity, and even the existence, of this coin — though
the legend and type seem unlikely to be the mere result
of a Paduan imagination. It appears to have been first
published by Tristan, and derived from him by later
writers. Eckhel terms it " nummus prseclarus si modo
certae fidei," and it is regarded as dubious by Mionnet
and modem authorities. This, if a genuine instance, is
the last appearance of the name of the First Minervian
Legion upon coins, until we find it on these of Carausius,
and then with the novel type of the ram. I am not
aware of its name having been foimd on any lapidary
inscriptions in this country, and of its subsequent history
I am unable to speak. It must be considered sufficient
that we should be able to trace the existence of a legion
still retaining its distinctive number and title for a period
of upwards of two hundred years, extending from the
days of Domitian down to those of Carausius.

J. E.

1G8

XXIII.

ON TWO CRETAN COINS IN THE BRITISH
MUSEUM.

[Read before the Numismatic Society, March 22, I860.]

The coins of the Island of Crete form one of the most
interesting and individual groups in the range of Greek
Numismatics. They excel in all the characteristics that
render coins attractive. They illustrate the history of one
of the most ancient homes of Greek civilization, throwing
no little light upon that early greatness which the general
agreement of tradition attests, and giving us new facts for
the reconstruction of its later annals which are imperfectly
narrated by the classical writers. They preserve valuable
records of the Cretan mythology, abounding in nature-
worship like that of kindred Arcadia, and embracing
strange legends either brought from Phoenicia or Cyprus,
as the tale of Europa, or of native origin, as the story of
Talos. Their bearing on art is not less interesting : they
show that Crete had a special medallic school of its own,
probably representing the style of its famous artists, of
whose work we have no other certain remains. It is very
usual to hear the art of Greek coins loosely spoken of, as
though all such objects, of any one period, wherever struck,
were of the same style. A careful study has, however, con-
vinced me that there were three great styles. The coins of
Greece Proper, Thrace, and Macedon, as well as those of
the ^olian, Ionian, and Dorian settlements on the west
coast of Asia Minor, show in the best period a pure and

ON TWO CRETAN COINS IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM. 169

comprehensive art, rendering them worthy to be placed in
the same class as the Elgin marbles, as works of the noblest
Greek school. Further to the east, the coinage of the
Greek cities is distinguished by a hardness and formality
that may reasonably be ascribed to Persian or Lydian
influence. In the west, the rich cities of Magna Grsecia
and Sicily produced an eclectic school, which, by aiming
exclusively at the beautiful, overloaded its works with
ornament, and so fell short of the severely-grand excellence
of true Greek art. Crete had a school of its own. In style,
its coins display the same love of truth and purity, and
the same breadth of treatment, as the finest works of the
great Hellenic school. They have, however, one peculiarity
which markedly separates them from the coins of all other
regions of the Greek world. They show, in very many
cases, an entire want of knowledge of the forms proper
for the surface of a coin, and of the fit method of repre-
senting them. It is a pictorial, instead of a sculptural,
treatment. In illustration, a well-known didrachm of
Gortyna (^ginetan standard) may be cited, as displaying
extreme examples, in the types of both sides, of this dis-
tinctive peculiarity. The obverse of this piece is almost
wholly occupied by the trunk and lower branches of an
ancient tree. It represents the sacred plane at this
town mentioned by Pliny (H.N. xii. 5), for upon it is
seated Europa, in a dejected posture. On the reverse is
a bull. He is stung by a fly, and starts, turning his head
and thrusting out his tongue. In one specimen in the
Museum, the bull is greatly foreshortened. The truth
with which this subject is treated is almost unequalled in
any similar representation, excepting those of the coins of
Acanthus and Elis. While, at the first glance, we are
delighted with the freedom and reality of these types, so

VOL. I. N.S. z

170 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

strikingly contrasting with the almost necessary formality
of numismatic art in general^ we do not immediately see
the utter unfitness of the objects chosen^ and the positions
preferred by the artist, for the form and surface of coins.
To account for this peculiarity is not at present possible ;
but if a guess may be hazarded, it seems not unlikely that
pictorial art especially flourished in Crete at that time,
and that, therefore, when the artists of the country came
to be employed to design the subjects of coins, they had in
their minds painting rather than sculpture. Notwith-
standing this grave fault as works of medaUic art, if con-
sidered only as examples of Greek art, the Cretan coins
are worthy of the first rank among the many records that
have come down to us of this wonderfully-varied product
of human genius.

The oldest known Cretan coins can scarcely be muph
anterior to the Expedition of Xerxes. Probably before
this the commerce of the island was carried on in the
staters of Cyzicus and the didrachms of Mgma, and Ceos.
The illustration of the primaeval period of the island's his-
tory which they afibrd is, therefore, retrospective or infer-
ential. We gain, however, some distinct evidence that is
valuable in directing us to the selection of a correct theory
from amidst the tangled mass of later-written statements.
The Egyptian monuments, affording us the first historical
glimpse of the Cretans, show that, in the twelfth or
thirteenth century before the Christian era, as Greek tra-
dition had already consistently told us, they were a great
maritime power, closely allied with the kindred coast-
peoples of the northern and eastern neighbouring shores
of the Mediterranean. The coins so far confirm this
evidence as to afibrd indications of the similarity of the
religion of the island and that of the Phoenician coast.

ON TWO CRETAN COINS IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM. 171

probably not of the Phoenicians themselves, but rather of
the earlier people among whom they had settled.

The connection of Crete and Arcadia is more strongly
brought out by the coins than by the evidence of history
and geography. We knew already that Crete had a town
called Arcadia, and that there was a Gortyna in Arcadia
as well as in Crete. But the coins of both show us a far
closer agreement in the strong prevalence of low nature-
worship — the worship of animals, trees, and sacred moim-
tains — which proves that the two countries were held by
the same primitive race, driven inwards, in Greece, by the
later Hellenic colonists, while the insular position of Crete
seems to have kept the old population comparatively
unmolested.

Among the most remarkable representations connected
with mythology is that of the Cretan Jupiter, as a young
man, with his native name, or title, FEAXANOS, on a
didrachm (^Eginetan) of Phaestus. It is noticeable that
the peculiarities of the Cretan dialect are chiefly seen in
the names or titles connected with mythology. We have
nOAX02, as a title of Apollo, on tetradrachms (Attic)
of Cnossus, and the title IITOAIOIKOS applied to a hero
or divinity, on didrachms {JEgmetsn) of Aptera.

Of the special myths of the traditional period, that of the
Minotaur receives the largest illustration from the coins.
Not only is he portrayed on the oldest didrachms of
Cnossus, but these and the later pieces of the same town
bear representations of the famous Labyrinth, sometimes
conventional, sometimes in the form of a plan. One of
these coins, bearing on the obverse the Minotaur, and on
the reverse the Labyrinth, is of about the time of the
Expedition of Xerxes, or not much later, and thus affords
evidence of the antiquity of the tradition of the Labyrinth,

172 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

if not of its real existence ; whereas Hoeck {Kreta, vol. i.
p. 56, seq.)y relying on the silence of Hesiod and Hero-
dotus, and the assumed silence of Homer — though the Iliad
contains what looks very like an allusion to the Cretan
wonder (II. xviii. 590, seq.) — has supposed it to have been
an invention of the later poets, borrowed from Egypt.

For what we may term the earlier part of the strictly-
historical period, ending with Philip, the coins do not ajBTord
us much information that is absolutely new as to their own
times. They show the opulence of some towns already
known to be famous, as Cnossus and Gortyna; and of at
least one, Phsestus, of which we should not have imagined
the greatness. Their weight is according to the iBginetan
talent which was nearly universal, before Alexander's
time, in Hellas and the islands ; but by degrees they fall
to the Persian standard, which, in the fourth century before
Christ till near its close, dominated almost throughout
Asia Minor. The latest coins of this weight cannot be
brought down lower than the time of Philip of Macedon.
After them there is a gap in the Cretan series, which must
have been of many years, and the money of each town
recommences on the Attic standard, with a far inferior
art. This interval corresponds to the rule of Alexander,
who suppressed everywhere the jiEginetan standard, intro-
ducing the Attic in its stead, and some of whose coins bear
symbols which have induced M. Miiller, of Copenhagen, to
assign them to cities of Crete. Of the later period, from
Alexander's death until the island became a part of the
Roman Empire, the historical records are extremely scanty,
and the coins happily afford us valuable evidence to supply
their deficiencies. The Greek writers had already given us
indications of the close connection between Crete and the
mainland of Greece, in the latest days of Greek indepen-

ON TWO CRETAN COINS IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM. 173

dence. The island seems then to have been constantly torn
by dissensions between the chief cities^ which from time to
time applied for aid to some ruler or power of the continent,
and principally, it appears, to the kings of Macedon, at
least to Philip V., and to the Achaean League. We already
knew that when the Romans were in alliance with the
League, 500 Gortynians joined Flamininus before the battle
of Cynoscephalae ; but it was not until lately that a coin was
found bearing the well-known types of the League, and
struck at Gortyna. This coin was first published by my
lamented colleague, Mr. Burgon, in a paper since printed
in the Chronicle (xix. pp. 235-6). Mr. Burgon assigned it
to the Arcadian Gortyna, but it has been ably shown, in
his last work, by Colonel Leake, whose recent death has
made another irreparable gap in the small body of Greek
Numismatists, that it is of the Cretan town, and proves
that cities beyond the continent were admitted into the
League. (Supplement to Numismata Hellenica, European
Greece, p. 110.)

Not less interesting than this connection with the
Achaean League are the evidences of an alliance, political
or commercial, of the chief Cretan towns with Athens in the
same age. The coins of six of these — Cnossus, Cydonia,
Gortyna, Hierapytna, Polyrhenium, and Priansus — com-
prise tetradrachms with exactly the types of those of
Athens of the same period, but distinguished by having
on the reverse the distinctive badges of the Cretan towns.
The late tetradrachms of Athens which these imitate
range from Alexander's death to the Roman period : from
their style the Cretan pieces should probably be assigned
to the most recent part of this age. They can scarcely
be anterior to the fall of Lyttus, the rival of Cnossus,
favoured by Athens (see the fragment probably of a treaty

174 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

between the two towns in Rangabe^s Antiquites Helleniqties,
ii. 273 ; Polyb. iv. 54), and were therefore more probably
struck by the Cretan cities of the great alliance against
Philip, v., brought about by Cephisodorus (Paus. i. 36,
§ 5, 6) about B.C. 188.

Until lately this very interesting class was alone re-
presented in the national collection by a coin of Gortyna.
The sale of the Northwick Cabinet has, however, enabled
the Museum to secure two other specimens, one of Poly-
rhenium and the other of Priansus, the former extremely
rare, and the latter probably unique. The three coins
may be described as follows ; —

Obv. — Head of Pallas, to the right.

Eev. — roPTYNiQN. Owl, to the right, on amphora: in

the field bull, butting, to the right : all within

olive wreath.

M 7J, wt. 24:9-2 grs. PI. vii. No. 1.

Obv, — The same type.

Jtev, — noAYPHNiQN. Owl, to the right on amphora : in
the field Diana (?) drawing her bow.

M 8i, wt. 248-6 grs. PI. vii. No. 2.

Ohv, — The same type.

Rev. — npiANSi HYPn aska. Owl, to the right, on
amphora : in the field a date-palm.

M 8|, wt. 235-1 grs. PI. vii. No. 3.

Here for the present I leave this subject, in the hope
that fresh information may soon resolve the curious
problem raised by these Athenian coins of Crete.

Reginald Stuart Poole.
British Museum ^ February, 1860.

li^jjfi.chroK.Ks. Yi'ij. n. vn.

'S»J-:,

^^'k

CRETAN TETRADRAGHMS.

175

XXIV.

ON THE COINS OF THEODOSIUS I. AND II.,
WITH SOME REMARKS ON THE MINT-
MARKS "OOMOB." AND "CONOB.," AND ON
THE COINS OF PLACIDIA, THE WIFE OF
CONSTANTIUS (PATRICIUS).

In the last number of the Numismatic Chronicle, I had
the pleasure of calling the attention of the ^^ coin-loving"
public to the coins of the ^^ Three Valentinians/^ and the
various mint-marks occurring upon them, and on the
coins of that period. I still find there is another point
which does not seem ever to have been satisfactorily
explained, and that is, what coins shall be assigned to
Theodosius I. and what to Theodosius II. ? I wiU now
proceed to show that mistakes are impossible, and that
it is just as easy to recognise to which of these two
emperors a coin shall be attributed, as, I sincerely
hope, for Numismatists now to attribute the coins of the
Valentinians.

It is necessary to state that at this period of the
coinage, fabric is the great and decisive guide, apart from
many other minor points of indication ; and it is only by
a careful comparison of a large series, that one is able to
discriminate between the Gallic, Italian, African, or
Eastern fabrics.

On the death of Gratianus in a.d. 383, Arcadius is
proclaimed Augustus by his father Theodosius I., and
there are still three Augusti at the same time, viz., Valen-
tinianus II., Theodosius I., and Arcadius. The following

176 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

mint-marks, occurring also on the gold coins of Arcadius,
are struck during his father's lifetime : 7R. TR. (Treves),
M. LVG. (Lyons), N. COM. M. CON. (Constantina or
Aries), MDOB. (MUan), hi. TESOB. (Thessalonica),
N, CONOB. (Constantinople — all those that have the
diademed side-faced bust, and the three Gr's on the re-
verse), and most probably SM. COMOB. (Sirmium).i

After the death of Theodosius I., the empire is divided
between his two sons Arcadius and Honorius, and the
forms COMOB. for the Western, and CONOB. for the
Eastern empire, become the adopted exergual mint-marks :
the former with the slight distinction of M for N, so as
to resemble CONOB., and yet to designate the western

* The following are the principal letters occurring in the field,
from the reign of Valentinianus II. to the end of the Western
empire : —

A — Q. — Aquileia.

A — R. — Arelate.

L — D. — Lugdunum.

M — D. — Mediolanum.

R — M. — Roma.

R — V. — Ravenna.

S — M. — Sirmium.

T — R.— Treviri.

The following (though I have seen but one, viz., RA.), if
found, occur only on barbarous coins : —

= A — R. — Arelate.
= L — D. — Lugdunum.

= M — D. — Mediolanum.

R — D.
R — E.

! =

Ravenna, or more probably A — R (in-
verted) Arelate.

R — V. — Ravenna.

And there may be many others ; but the above eight mints are
the only recognised mints of which we have letters in the field.

ON THE COINS OF THEODOSIUS I. AND II. 177

mints, and almost always accompanied by letters in the
field; the latter never. ^

Before I proceed further I must digress to remark that
the OB. very probably stands for '' 72/' and means that
72 ^' solidi" were coined from one pound of gold.* The
figures LXXII on a ^^solidus'^ of Constans, are assuredly
a mark of weight, and would seem of themselves sugges-

' On a coin of Leo I. in the British Museum, with R — V.
(Ravenna), to the left and right in the field, there is in the
exergue what some might read as COM OR. This is, of course,
COMOB. Besides the fact that the bottom of this coin cuts
by the very letter in question, no importance need be attached
to it, as other coins of this emperor are found with RV. COMOB.
The forms COMOB. and CONOB. continue as the Western
and Eastern eojcrgrt/aZ mint-marks, till the time of Zeno and Anas-
tasius, after which they are of no use as duttnctive mint-marks.

' Messrs Pinder and Friedlaender were the first to assert
that OB. should be interpreted *' 72," and they state in proof
that " a special law of Vfdentinianus I. ordered that 72 * soUdi '
should be coined from one pound of gold." The piece of Con-
stans, however, seems to show that " 72 soHdi " were coined at
the time of Constantine. This law, then, only confirms and
enforces what had been the custom thirty years before. (See
Rev. Num. Franc, 184:9, p. 13.) The form CONOB., however,
does not occur on the coins of Valentinianus I., as Messrs.
Pinder and Friedlaender say, but is found, for the first time,
under Gratianus, Valentinianus II., and Theodosius I. We
find TROB. (Treves) on the coins of Valentinianus I. (See
Num. Chron. N.S., vol. i. p. 124, and Table.) In the British
Museum there is a gold coin of Valens, with to left and right
the letters OB. in the field, and in the exergue CONS-^.
What else can these letters OB. mean than 72, especially with
the coin of Constans and this coin before our eyes? The
Museum also possesses a gold coin of Valens with ANOB.
(Antioch), as well as TROB. (Treves). The above coin of
Valens, with OB. in the field, may be the commencement of
the CONOB. mint-mark ; and in consequence of our having this
Autioch coin, it is very probable that the form CONOB, was
adopted late in the reign of Valens (though at present I have not
seen an example), as Valens, Gratianus, and Valentinianus II.
were colleagues from a.d. 376 to a.d. 378, and we have the
Ct »NOB. mint-mark of the two latter.

VOL. 1. N.S. A A

178 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE,

tive of the above interpretation, yet there are, neverthe-
less, many Numismatists who cannot for one moment
admit this extravagant explanation, and who think that
OB. is far more likely to represent OBsignatus.*

To this I will state my principal objections. Is it likely
that the Romans would adopt for their coinage, a word
to which the very two letters that cause this discussion
are only prefixed? And had they wished to have ex-
pressed the signification of '^ struck at," would not they
rather have adopted the word ^^ signatus ? " The letters OB.
are prefixed to all sorts of words, and their significations
are various, and nothing seems to me more unlikely than
that a compound word should be universally adopted for
the Roman gold coinage. Apart from this, I think I am
not far wrong in saying that we have no authority for
using the word ^^obsigno," as applied to the ''striking of
money." Its proper meaning is ''to seal up,^' or "to
sign and seal as a witness," and it signifies " to stamp"
or " impress," only in a figurative sense, and sometimes
implies "to impress on the mind." ^ The word "signo,"
on the contrary, as weU as "flo" and "ferio," — which two
latter occur on coins, A.A.A.F.F. (flando, feriimdo) — is
mentioned in Cicero and Pliny, especially with the signi-
fication of coining. With these facts before me, I must
entirely repudiate the reading " OBsignatus." ®

* In consequence of the form TROBS. being found, the
OBS. is supposed to be the first letters of OBsignatus. But
we also find TROBO. and TROBT. The last letters of each
of these certainly indicate the number of the mint, = 3rd
mint; S = Secunda; and T = Tertia. (See Num. Chron.
N.S., vol. i. p. 124, note.)

«> Lucretius, iv. 569 ; ii. 582. See also " Codex Theodosianus,"
Hb. xvii. Tit. i. Lex 56, and lib. xxii. Tit. i. Lex 7.

" If the letters OB. are not to be interpreted as numerica
indications, the word OBryzatus, which has been also suggested,

ON THE COINS OF THEODOSIUS I. AND II. 179

One great argument brought forward in opposition to
the ''72" is, that the words COMOB. and CONOB.
occur upon the so-called semisses and tremisses, the parts
of the solidus ; and that in consequence, if the meaning
was 72, we should find K A. (24) on these small pieces,
instead of OB. But it is the '' solidus'' that is struck at
'^72 to the pound;'' and the ''semisses" and '^tremisses'^
are the parts of the '' solidus," which latter is struck at
^'72 to the pound." The '^ solidus" is the coin, the
semisses" and "tremisses" its recognised fractional
parts. In M. Sabatier's " Hotels Monetaires," published
in 1850, it is argued that these forms are found on the
^' medallions " of this period. The authorities quoted are
Banduri, Tanini, Eckhel, and Mionnet. The Museum
does not possess one, nor have I ever seen one. Granted
that the forms are found on the medallions, it makes not
the slightest difference to the explanation. The medallions
are money not in general circulation (like our £6 pieces),
and are the multiples of the " solidus," which is struck at
^' 72 to the pound." As regards the silver and copper, I
have seen specimens with these mint-marks, but they are,
without any doubt, either casts of the goJdy or struck from
the gold dies. The form OB. positively only applies to
the gold.7

is far preferable to " Obsignatus," and occurs often in the
" Codex Theodosianus " to imply the " assaying of gold ;" and
these two letters, occurring, as they do, only on the gold, may
have the signification that the coins are " made of standard
gold," or they may have the double meaning of " 72," and
'* obryzatus." This point really seems a " qusestio vexata,*' and
after all is not of absolute importance, the mint-marks them-
selves being after a short time decidedly conventionaL

7 I think it right to state that Messrs. Pinder and Friedlaender
have published nearly the same views on the reading OB. in
their " Alteren Miinzkunde" (pp. 1 — 25), as are here put forth.

180 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

In my paper on the " Three Valentinians/^ I remarked
that COMOB. may be explained by '^ Constantinse
Moneta, 72 — money of the standard of Constantina or
Arles/^ This was because it superseded the mint-mark
COM. (Aries) in the west. After the death of Theodosius I.,
however, in consequence of the barbarian invasions, there
is no doubt that it may be interpreted ''money of the
standard of Constantinople — 72/' This is still more
likely from the fact that we have coins of the usurper
Constantinus struck at Aries, with AR. in the fieldy and
COMOB. in the exerguey a mint-mark which continues
till the fall of the Western Empire.

I must now return to the subject from which I have
somewhat digressed, and I think I have reduced to some-
thing like method, the means of attributing the coins of
Theodosius I. and Theodosius II.

I. — The helmeted full-faced bust, though occurring on
the gold coins of Constantius II., does not recommence till
the reign of Arcadius and Honorius,and is generally, though
not always, on the Eastern coins ; consequently the gold
coins reading D.N. THEODOSIVS. P.P. AVG. with the
helmeted full-faced bust, belong to Theodosius II.*

II. The gold coins bearing the name of Theodosius^
with the helmeted side-faced bust, belong to the second
Theodosius ; they are exceptional coins : the reverse — two
helmeted figures holding a shield, on which is inscribed

This I did not know till after the paper was seivt to the printer t.
That two persons should unconsciously publish the same views, is
in itself a strong argument in favour of the principles advanced^
8 There is no doubt that several coins were struck in Gaul
from the time of Ilonorius downwards, and many bear the
helmeted full-faced bust. The genuine Constantinople tjrpe is
generally, though not always, accompanied by a Greek differen-
tial letter ; and its absence, coupled by fabric, give reason for
the above supposition.

ON THE COINS OF THEODOSIUS I. AND II. 181

VOT. XV. MVL. XX., and a star to Left in the field-
indicate the period to which they shall be assigned.'

III. The gold coins bearing the name of Theodosius with
the diademed side-faced bust, and the mint-mark RV.
COMOB. (Ravenna), belong to Theodosius II.'° Ravenna
was not made the seat of government till under Honorius,
and "it was considered as such, and as the capital of
Italy, tiU the middle of the eighth century.^' ^*

IV. The gold coins bearing the name of Theodosius,
with the diademed side-faced bust, and on the reverse the
mint-mark MD. COMOB. (MUan), belong to Theo-
dosius II. The fabric and the style of head, when com-
pared with the coins of the time, point to what period
they should be assigned. Besides, the forms of the Milan
mint of Theodosius I. are MD. COM.

' We find gold coins of Valentinianus I. and his brother
Valens, both with the helmeted side-faced bust, and both struck
at Treves. The helmets on these coins resemble those found
on the coins of Honorius.

*o M. Cohen has informed me that there is in Paris a coin of
Theodosius II., with, on the obverse, the helmeted side-faced
bust, and on the reverse, the emperor standing, right foot on lion,
holding sceptre, on which is P, and two javelins. In field, left
and right, R — V. (Ravenna). In exergue COB. The Museum
possesses a coin of Honorius with similar obverse and reverse. The
CO B. is merely an abbreviated form of COMOB. The C. is put for
COM., Hke we find C. put for CON. or CONS, at the Constan-
tine period. No importance need be attached to these exceptions.
In my paper on the " Three Valentinians " (Num. Chron. N.8.,
p. 123), I remarked that the form of CORMOB. occurred on a
gold coin of Anthemius. The Museum also possesses a coin of
the same emperor with CORVO. in the exergue. This should,
no doubt, be CORVOB. The RM. and RV. signify respec-
tively Rome and Ravenna, and the CO is affixed, and the OB
prefixed to resemble as near as possible COMOB., and at the
same time to designate a mint. The absence of the B. is easily
accounted for by the lateness of the times and the ignorance of
the artist. It is not of any importance.

^^ Gibbon, vol. iv.

182 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

V. The following small gold coins belong to Theo-
dosius II.

1. Obv.—D . N. THEOD9SIVS. P.F. AVG. Bust to right,

diademed, with paludamentum and cuirass.

T^ev.^VICTOKIA. AVGG. Victory seated on cuirass
to right, holding on left knee a shield, on which
is inscribed XXXX. In field to left, a star. In
field to right, -P. In exergue CONOB. (Oon-

stantinopoli 72). Quin. W.

2. Obv, — Same legend and bust.

iJet;.— VICTORIA -AVaVSTORVM. Victory walking
facing, holding wreath and cross on globe. In field
to right, a star. In exergue, CONOB. Trem. W.

3. Obv. — Same legend and bust.

Eev. — No legend. Trophy. On either side a star. In
exergue, CONOB . Trem. iV.

The star on the gold Constantinople coins first appears
under Honorius and Theodosius II.

VI. The silver and copper coins are easily distinguish-
able by their style and fdbric. The following are the
silver coins I have seen : —

1. Obv.—D, N. THEODOSIVS. P. F. AVG. Bust to right,

diademed, with paludamentum and cuirass.
i?ci;.— GLORIA . ROMANORVM. Emperor wearing
paludamentum, and with the nimbus, standing to
left, holding spear, and resting left hand on shield.
In field to left, a star. In exergue, CON. (Con-
stantinopoli). M (large),

2. Obv, — Same legend and bust.

Rev.—VOT. XX. MVLT. XXX. within wreath. In ex-
ergue, CONS^ M.

3. Obv. — Same legend and bust.

Eev.- VOT. XXX. MVLT. XXXX. within wreath. In
exergue, CONS-^t M.

Apart from the style of these coins, the numbers of the
vows on one of the gold and on two of the silver coins
clearly belong to Theodosius II., the elder Theodosius
liaving only reigned sixteen years.

ON THE COINS OF THEODOSIUS I. AND II. 183

As to the copper coins, some have the fiill-faced helmeted
bust, and some the side-faced ; besides, there are others
of small size, some with the monogram "BE in a wreath,
some with a cross in a wreath, some with two or three
figures, and some with a horseman, to right : the two latter
types occurring on the coins of Arcadius and Honorius, and
none of them occurring at the time of Theodosius I. The
following copper coin of Theodosius II. is exceptional : —

Ohv.-^jy . N . THEODOSIVS . P . F-. AVG. Bust, to left,
diademed, with imperial robe, showing right hand,
which holds a globe, and in left, a sceptre sur-
mounted by an eagle.

i2^.— GLORIA . REIPVBLIOAE. Gate of the prse-
torian camp. Above, -P. In exergue, TES.
(ThessalonicaB). M.

There may be some doubts about those coins bearing
the name of Theodosius, on the obverse the diademed
bust, and on the reverse the emperor, in military dress,
standing to right, placing left foot on captive, and holding
in right hand the labarum, on which is the monogram of
Christ, and, in the left. Victory on globe ; in field, left
and right, S — M. (Sirmium) ; in exergue, COMOB.^'
Firstly, the style and fabric is so superior to that found
under Theodosius II. ; and secondly, the total disappear-
ance of Sirmium, as a mint, after Arcadius and Honorius,
clearly indicate that these coins belong to Theodosius I.^*

Before I conclude, I must call the attention of my
readers to the coin usually attributed to Placidia, the wife

^' The following are the mint-marks occurring on the gold
coins of Theodosius I. :— TROB. TR. COM. (Treves), COM.
(Aries), COMOB. (Rome ? at any rate struck somewhere in
Italy), MD. COM. (Milan), SM. COMOB. (Sirmium), TESOB.
(Thessalonica), CONOB. (Constantinople). [See "The Table
of Mint-marks,*' Num. Chron. N.S., vol. i., p. 12G.]

" The mint of Siscia also ends under Arcadius.

184 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

of Olybrius, and which most certainly belongs to Placidia,
wife of Constantins Patricius, as even yet there seem some
doubts about the solidus with the obverse legend AEL.
PLACIDIA AVG." The obverse legend on the coins of
Galla Placidia is usually the following : — D . N . GALLA
PLACIDIA P. P. AVG. ; and these coins, from their
fabric, show two different epochs of her life — ^that, when
her husband, Constantius (Patricius), was alive ; and that,
when as regent for her son, Placidius Valentinianus III.,
she was restored to her power, after . the revolt of
Johannes I., who had established himself at Ravenna,
during the time that we know Placidia must have been at
Constantinople. Aelia is evidently the common name of
the empresses in the East at this period — ^for examples,
Aelia Pulcheria, Aelia Eudoxia; and this coin being
struck by her nephew, Theodosius II., while she was at
Constantinople, fully accounts for finding the name Aelia.
Were it not even for these facts, the style and fabric are so
different to the coins of Olybrius, that it could not possibly
belong to his period.

Dr. Friedlaender has also published some remarks, '^Sur
un Sou d^or d^ Aelia Galla Placidia,'' in the Revue NumiS'
matique Belge,^^ where he says that the reverses of all
the coins of Placidia, with the legend VOT. XX. MVLT.
XXX., have reference to the coins of her son, Valen-
tinianus III. In this he is probably mistaken: they refer
to the coins of her nephew Theodosius II., which bear

the same legend.

Fred. W. Madden.

" In Akerman's " Roman Coins/' this attribution is hinted at ;
and I have already published these remarks in my " Handbook
to Roman Numismatics."

»5 3^me S^Tie, tome iv. p. 237.

185

x!kv.

ON THE HALF-CROWNS OF CHARLES L WITH
THE « W " UNDER THE HORSE ON THE FIELD
OF THE OBVERSE.

[Read before the Numismatic Society, November 20, 1856.]

The accompanying plate (No. viii.) comprises all the
types of the half-crowns of Charies I. with W under
the horse which have come under my notice. They are
six in number, and the pieces themselves are, I believe,
all of them in the British Museum, but the mint-mark
on No. 5 is more distinctly visible on a specimen of
my own.

Nos. 1 — 4 have a small castle for a mint-mark, and are
all from the same obverse die. Nos. 5, 6 are likewise
from one obverse die. The mint-mark is usually invisible,
but on the specimen from which the drawing is made, it is
evidently two lions.

The lions, the castle, the W, and the date of 1644 upon
No. 6 will, I think, together, serve to indicate the place
from whence these half-crowns issued.

Under the article " Weymouth," in Lewis's " Topogra-
phical Dictionary," there are three representations given —
of the arms of the town, of the Admiralty seal, and of the
corporate seal. On the arms appears a lion rampant, in
the second and third quarters ; on the Admiralty seal is a
ship bearing a small shield, in the first quarter of which
is a lion rampant, in the second a small castle; on the

VOL. 1. N.S. B B

186 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

corporate seal is a small shield, with three lions passant^
and an embattled bridge.

I do not know upon what authority these drawings
were made, but their correctness is in a great measure
substantiated by the following extract from Hutchins'
" History of Dorsetshire :" —

"Robert Cook, Clarenceux, Sec, in 1592, granted to
Weymouth and Melcombe Regis the following arms, inter
alia. In the first a lion rampant, purpure ; in the second,
a castle, or;'* for their common seal, inter alia, azure, a
bridge embattled with three arches, &c., and three lions.^

It must be admitted that the lions on the coin No. 5
do not exactly correspond in attitude with the lions ram-
pant on the arms and Admiralty seal, nor in number with
the lions passant on the corporate seal ; but we may easily
account for this by supposing that a clumsy artist has
made a confusion between the bearings of the two seals ;
and, on the whole, I am disposed to think that the Uons,
the castle, and the W sufficiently point to Weymouth as
the place where these half-crowns were minted.

Further, the history of the place during the civil war

1 The following are the arms of the united towns of Wey-
mouth and Melcombe Regis, as given in Burke's " General
Armory : " ~ Azure, on the waves of the sea, in base proper, a
ship of three masts, tackled and rigged, all or ; on the fore and
mizen masts two square banners ; on the first, per pale gules and
vert, two lions passant guardant, or ; on the second, quarterly,
argent and gules ; on the first and fourth a lion rampant, pur-
pure ; on the second and third, a castle, or ; on the hulk of the
ship an escutcheon, per fesse, or and gules; in chief, three che-
vrons of the second ; in base, three lions passant guardant in
pale of the first. The common seal represents, azure, a bridge
of three arches, double embattled, argent, standing in the sea
proper ; in chief, an escutcheon, per fesse, or and gules ; on the
first, three chevrons, gules ; on the second^ three lions passant
guardant in pale of the first.

ON THE HALF-CROWNS OF CHARLES I. 187

makes the supposition probable. We read in Clarendon,
that in September, 1643, the Earl of Carnarvon, General
of the Horse, marched before Prince Maurice from Bristol,
and '^ took Dorchester and Weymouth — both considerable
places, and the seats of great malignity. The former was
not thought necessary to be made a garrison, but the
latter was the best port town of that country, and to be
kept with great care." The government of the place was
entrusted to Sir Anthony Ashley Cooper, but he was sub-
sequently displaced for Colonel Ashburnham, who yielded
it up to the Earl of Essex in June, 1644, and retired to
Portland Castle.

Thus it appears that Weymouth was in the possession
of the king's forces from September, 1643, to June, 1644.
Subsequently in the latter year, in the end of January or
beginning of February (the year not ending until the
25th of March), it was surprised by Sir Lewis Dives on
the part of the king ; but he only obtained possession of
the forts and upper town, which, through the negligence
of Lord Goring, were recovered again ^^ by that con-
temptible number of the enemy who had been beaten into
the lower town.*'

This last occupation of the place by the king's forces
was so brief and partial, that it is not likely any coins
were then struck ; the coinage most probably took place
between September, 1643, and June, 1644, and those
pieces which bear the latter date must have been struck
during the last three months of occupation.

There are other pieces^ — ^half-crowns, shillings, and a

' The pieces alluded to are not all engraved, but for some
of them consult Hawkins, 500, 628, 520, 534, and Snelling,
xiv. 10, 16 ; also Kuding, G 1 ; others are described in Hawkins'
letter-press.

188 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

sixpence — which evidently belong to the same family;
they have no initial letter, but are of similar workman-
ship, and they bear the mint-mark of a lion rampant, a
castle, a lis, a helmet, a bird, &c. If not minted at Wey-
mouth, they were probably minted at some other place in
the neighbourhood, and perhaps after its surrender. The
shilling (Hawkins, 528), I am inclined to call a Weymouth
shilling, as it bears both a castle and a lion rampant.
One half-crown, and one or two shillings, have a lion
rampant only, and these again are connected in type with
other pieces with different mint-marks ; but it would be
rash, upon slight grounds, to venture upon their appro-
priation.

With respect to the W half-crowns, it would be desirable,
if any members of our society have the opportimity, to
ascertain whether there is any local tradition or proof of
a mint having been established at Weymouth during the
civil war.

T. F. Dymock.

J&w. Chron^J!. S, Voll. Fl. VTH.

HALF CROWNS OF CHARLES I, WITH "W"
UNDER THE HORSE.

,'^ SiU^k^r^, ^f.

189

XXVI.

ON AN UNIQUE AND UNPUBLISHED PATTERN
FOR A HALF-CROWN OF THE LAST YEAR OF
THE REIGN OF QUEEN ELIZABETH.

The extreme sensitiveness of Queen Elizabeth as to the
manner in which her portrait was represented is well
known. Even so early as 1563 a proclamation was drawn
up by Cecil,i prohibiting all manner of persons from draw-
ings painting, graving, or portraying her Majesty's per-
sonage or visage for a time, until, by some perfect pattern
and example, the same might be by others followed.
Increasing years did not by any means diminish this
fastidiousness.

In Horace Walpole's " Catalogue of Royal and Noble
Authors,^' vol. i. p. 126 of the first edition, and vol. i.
pp. 141-2 of the second, is the following description of
a fragment of one of the gold coins of this queen.

"Vertue, the engraver, had a pocket-book of Isaac
Oliver, in which the latter had made a memorandum that
the queen would not let him give any shade to her
features, telling him, ^ that shade was an accident, and
not naturally existing in the face.' Her portraits are
generally without shadow. I have in my possession
another strongly presumptive proof of this weakness; it
is a fragment of one of her last broad pieces, representing
her horridly old and deformed. An entire coin with this

■ '* Aicliaiologia/' vol. ii. p. 169.

Num C?irm ¥S Vol! Ft K.

PATTERN HALF CROWN OF ELIZABETH

ON A PATTERN HALF-CROWN OF ELIZABETH. 191

look was the cause of the suppression of this coinage.
Had it been issued, her Majesty's loving subjects would
have found her portrait aged at least forty years in one
short twelvemonth between 1601 and 1602. There can,
however, be but little doubt of the accuracy of the likeness
on these pattern-pieces. It carries the impress of truth
upon it. The expression of the mouth, and, indeed, the
whole face, bears out to the letter the description of Paul
Hentzner, the German, who visited England in 1598, and
saw Elizabeth at " Greenwidge.^' " Her oblong and white,
though wrinkled, face ; her small, though black and gra-
cious, eyes, her rather hooked nose, her compressed lips
(compressed to hide her sooty teeth), and her light brown
hair, which in point of fact was a wig,"^ are all represented
to the life.

But although she had attained her seventieth year — an
age unto which, says Camden, no King of England had
ever attained before — and although this was no doubt an
accurate likeness of her, still Elizabeth retained until the
very last her old anxiety to have her " person, favor, and
grace" placed in an advantageous manner before the
public; and accordingly every specimen of this coinage
was defaced, and but these two mutilated pieces have
been allowed to survive to our times. Those who take
an interest in the subject of the portraits of Elizabeth,
will find a valuable article upon them by Sir Frederic
Madden, K.H., in Notes and Queries, vol. vi. p. 237.

R. Whitbourn.

' Hentzner, ** Itinerarium," 1612, p. 135.

192
NOTICE OF RECENT NUMISMATIC PUBLICATIONS.

Description Generals des Medaillons contorniates, par
J. Sabatier. Paris, 1860, 4to. pp. 148, with 19 plates.

This account of the mysterious but interesting class of medals
known as Contorniates is in all respects worthy of the author
whose name it bears. The plates, which are numerous, are
admirably engraved by Dardel, and the description of them by
M. Sabatier not only comprises almost all the information that
can be gathered from other authors upon the subject of con-
torniates, but throws much additional fight upon their history.
It was, indeed, only by collecting together the whole of the
known types, so as to be able to compare each member of the
series with the others in one comprehensive review, that any-
thing was likely to be effected which would materially add to
our knowledge of this class of ipedals ; and the amount of labour
that must have been bestowed by M. Sabatier, and those who
in this country and elsewhere aided him in the collection of hia
materials, must have been enormoub, before he could have been
in possession of a sufficient number of specimens to commence
the still more arduous labour of systematic arrangement and
historical description One reason assigned for his undertaking
the task, is that it was the only branch of Roman Numismatics
which had been hitherto forgotten or neglected, except by Eckhel,
and that, possibly, not unintentionally, on account of the diffi-
culties it presents.

There is of course no question as to these medals having
received their name of " contorniates" from the contomo around
them — a groove, having in all cases been turned by means of a
lathe, just within their outer edge, so as to form a sort of border.
The main questions concerning them are, and always have been,
for what purpose were they intended? and at what period were
they struck ?

The number that is at present known to exist is by M. Sabatier
estimated at from 700 to 800; but this estimate is probably
rather below the mark, as about 400 are divided between the
English and French national collections, and there are about 160
in the museum at Vienna, while contorniates are to be found in
greater or less abundance in numerous other cabinets. The
varieties engraved by M. Sabatier are about 240 ; but as many
of the reverses are accompanied on different specimens by two,
three, or even four different obverses, the total number of types.

NOTICE OF EECENT NUMISMATIC PUBLICATIONS. 193

including these various combinations, may be estimated at 30O,
Though the heads of many of the earlier Roman emperors are
found upon them, especially those of Nero and Trajan, there can
be no doubt that they belong to a much later period, as the same
reverse is occasionally found combined at one time with the head
of Nero, and at another with that of Valentinian III., and various
similar anachronisms have been observed. The inaccuracies and
barbarisms in the legends also point to the period of the decay
of the Eoman empire, and M. Sabatier fixes the date of the
emission of these pieces between the reign of Gratian and that
of Anthemius, or from a.d. 375 to 472.

From the character of the devices, and the appearance of the
names, not only of charioteers and athletes, but even of horses
upon them, it would appear that the greater number of them
bore some reference to the games of the circus and amphi-
theatre, and the monogram EP or PE, which is found upon
so many of them, may bear reference to their having been given
as rewards or badges of distinction — Proemii Ergo, or Palmd
Emeritd.

Regarding them in this light, a portion of the book is devoted
by M. Sabatier to an account of the principal events in connection
with the circus at Constantinople during the lower empire, and
he shows the important part played by the factions of the hippo-
drome and amphitheatre, which had in fact become political
bodies. Of the names of the four factions of the circus, which had
originally been four — the white, red, green, and blue {alha, rus-
sata, prasina, and veneta) — only two remained when Constanti-
nople became the capital of the empire, and both are found upon
these medals, on one of which Eustorchius appears as the
winner of a chariot race, in prasino, and Domininvs on another,

as AN VENETO (filc).

But it would be endless to attempt to enter into the various
topics of interest suggested by this class of medals. We can only
refer our readers to M. Sabatier's book. Besides those which are
connected more immediately with the circus, there is another
division, with mythological and allegorical subjects, as well as a
third of those with heroic and historical subjects and personages,
and a fourth of those of unknown or difficult interpretation— all
of which are treated with great felicity of conjecture and of appo-
site illustration.

The third number (May and June) of the Revue Numisma-
tiqiie for 1861 contains the following articles : —

1. Letter XIII. of M. de Saulcy, addressed to M. Adrien de
Longperier, on the " Numfematique Gauloise," being an inte-
resting essay on the coins of the Lexovii.

VOL. I. N.s. c c

194 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

2. Letter of M. Vasqnez Quiepo, addressed to M. A. de
Longperier, on the " Nummus Tullianus."

3. " On some 'ideal' coins, viz., on those of (1) Victorina,
(2) Lotharius, and (3) L. iElianus," by. J. de Witte.

The coin that has been attributed so often to Victorina is
here shown to be none other than one of the coins of the Gothic
kings of the fifth and sixth centuries, struck in Italy. The
legend is altered, and instead of IN VICT A. ROMA, that of
IMP . VICTORIA . AVG. has been substituted. The coin of
LoUianus is no doubt a Gordianus Pius, and the L. iEHanus is
either a Maximian or Diocletian. These two names, Lollianus
and L. -^lianus, may be safely identified with that of LselianuB,
who was also one of the so-called thirty tyrants, and of whom
there are coins extant.

4. " Essay on the Monetary History of the Counts of Flanders
of the house of Burgundy, and a description of their gold and
silver coins,'* by M. L. Deschamps de Pas.

In the Necrologie is a tribute of respect to the distinguished
Numismatist, M. Joachim Lelewel, who died in Paris on the
29th of May, at the age of sixty-six.

In the fourth number (July and August) of the Revue Nu-
mismatique there are the following articles : —

1. "Leaden Money of Alisia," by M. Adrien de Longperier.

2. " An Essay on the coins of the family of Gallienus," by
M. A. Deville.

This interesting article demands a few words, and we pro-
ceed to make a short extract of its principal points. The family
of Gallienus, according to many historians and many Numis-
matists, consisted of two sons — one named Saloninus, the other,
Q. Julius Gallienus; of two daughters, Julia and Galla; and
a brother, Valerianus Junior. According to Eckhel, all the
coins which have ever been attributed to Valerianus Junior,
belong to Saloninus. Let us follow M. Deville's arguments.
Valerianus I., on ascending the throne, associated in the empire
Gallienus and his eldest son —the first with thetitie of Augustas,
the second with that of Caesar, and the name of the son of Gal-
lienus, as given by Aurelius Victor, is Cornelius Valerianus,
He was killed by Postumus in a.d. 260. From the same source
we learn that Gallienus had another son, Salonianus (he is
afterwards, by the same writer, called Saloninus), and that he
was substituted by Gallienus in the place of the one he had lost.
The names of the two sons occur also on an inscription found at
Setif, in Algeria. (See L^on Renicr, ''Inscriptions de TAl-
gdrie," p. 393.)

NOTICE OF RECENT NUMISMATIC PUBLICATIONS. 195

When Valerianus I. was engaged in the expedition against
Sapor, the senate, confident of his success, struck coins with the
legend VICTORIA . PARTHICA. Coins with the same
legend were also struck for Gallienus and his eldest son, and
could not belong to the youngest, as he was not made Csesar till
after the defeat and capture of Valerianus I. The coins, there-
fore, with a young head and the "Parthian Victory" reverse
belong to Cornelius Valerianus, the eldest son of Gallienus.
" Consecration " coins, in large and second brass, with the desig-
nation DIVO, belong to the eldest son, for the senate would not
have commemorated the younger, whom it had ordered to be
killed after the death of Gallienus, though it struck them for
Gallienus at the express wish of Claudius. (See Aurelius
Victor.) The names of the eldest son, gathered from coins
and inscriptions, are, ** Caius, Publius, Licinius, Cornelius,
Saloninus, Valerianus ; " and those of the younger, " Saloninus,
Valerianus," and the coins with these latter names belong to
Saloninus, I'he "consecration" coin with these names, and
without DIVO, belong to him, for his mother did not dare to
give him that title. An inscription in Gruter (p. cclxxv) affords
fiirther proof of this. There was a third son, by name Q. Julius
Gallienus, known only by inscriptions (Gruter, p. cclxxv) ; but
of him there are no coins. And now a few words about Va-
lerianus Junior. Eckhel says that there are no coins, for he was
never Augustus or Caesar. Trebellius Pollio says the contrary,
and mentions a tomb near Milan, on which is the inscription
VALERIANVS.IMPERATOR. This could not apply to
Valerianus I., whose remains were left in Persia, where he was
killed. (See Trebellius Pollio and Julius Capitolinus.) Valeri-
anus Junior never received the names of Cornelius and Solo-
ninus, M. Deville enters at length into the question whether
Valerianus Junior was Augustus and Csesar. The results of his
paper may be summed up as follows : — Valerianus I. ascended
the throne at the age of seventy, and died when seventy-six.
We should therefore expect to find on his coins an elderly
head : on those of his grandson, Coriielius Valerianus, a young
head ; and on tiiose of his son, Valerianus Junior, the portrait
of a middle -aged man. M. Deville attributes coins in tha
following manner to the family of Gallienus : —

1. Cornelius Valerianus. [Elder son of Gallienus.]

Obvs.—'P . C . L . VALERIANVS. 1

P . Lie . COR . VALERIANVS. /

I^cv.—YIOTORJA . PART.

19G NUMISMATIC CnUONICLE.

0^*._C . P . L . VALERIANVS.

C . P . Lie . VALERIANVS.

DIVO . VALERIANO.

DI VO . CORN . SAL . VALERIANO.

C . P . Lie . eOR . SAL . VALERIANO.
^^p.— CONSEORATIO.

2. Saloninus. [Second son of Gallienus. j

OJr«.~SALON . VALERIANVS.
SAL . VALERIANVS.

3. Q. Julius Gallienus. [Third son of Gallienus.] No coins.

4. Valerianus Junior. [Brother of Gallienus.]
Obv.—F . Lie .VALERIANVS.
Jtev.—IOXl . ORESOENTI.

We have now given our readers an abstract of the principal
jjoints of M. Deville's paper, and will briefly state our own views.
Ill the first place, the coins attributed by him to SalonintiB and
Valerianus Junior are of much too good a metal to be of the late
period of Gallienus. In the second place, the attribution of the
*' cunsecratio" coin without the word DIWS to Saloninus, as
having been struck by his mother, is excessively improbable. Is
it likely that Salonina, a private person, would dare to com-
memorate her son, who was killed by order of the senate, after
the death of her husband ? — besides, we have coins of the elder
son also without the word DI VVS. In the third place, the coin
attributed by him to Valerianus Junior was struck in the East,
and belongs to Saloninus Valerianus, the eldest son of Gallienus,
and the legend 10 VI . ORESOENTI could never apply to a
man of thirty. Apart from this, were there any of his coins, they
would probably bear the title of Augustus, and not that of Coiar,
Space does not permit us to enter into all the "minuti»" of our
objections, and, in conclusion, we quote the same objection as
tliat given by Mr. de Salis to M. Oohen's attribution of coins to
Valerianus Junior, viz., "that should any coins have been
struck, either of Saloninus (the second son of Gallienus), or of
Valerianus Junior (the brother of GaUienus), they would neces-
sarily be of the base metal of the later years of Gallienus.'* M.
Seville's article is likely to do a great deal of harm, and we
state that we continue to recognise the attribution of the coins
to the family of Gallienus ouly as follows : —

Valerianus I Coins.

Gallienus Coins.

►^alouinub Valerianus (Elder son of Gallienus] . Coins.

NOTICE OF RECENT NUMISMATIC PUBLICATIONS. 197

SaloninuB [Second son of Gallienus] . . . No coins.
Q, Julius Gallienus [Third son of Gallienus] . iVb coins.
Valerianus Junior [Brother of Gallienus] . . No coins.

F. W. M.

3. " Description of some Merovingian coins of Limousin," by
M. Max. Deloche, (eighth article.)

4. " Unedited denier of William IV., Prince of Orange," by
M. R. G^ry.

5. *' Numismatique Lorraine," by M. Oh. Robert.

In the NScrologie is a tribute of respect to M. Rethaan
Macar^.

The following articles are in the 2d livraison of the Revue
Numismatique Beige for 1861 : —

1. "On an unedited coin of Charlemagne," by M. de Coster.

2. " On some unedited mediasval coins," by M. Chalon.

3. "On some unedited coins of the collection of M. de Jonghe,"
by M. Camille Picqu^,

4. " Documents pour servir k Thistoire des monnaies et des
monnayeurs, XlV^me et XV^me si^cles," by M. de la Fons-
Meliocq.

5. " Order of Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, for the
fabrication of money at Amiens and St. Quentin," by M. L.
Deschamps de Pas.

6. " Biography of the Belgian engravers — Georges Mivelt,
Henri Noel, Jerome Noel, Jean le Noire, Humbert Pierron, and
Josse de Halle," by M. Alexandre Pinchart.

In the NScrologie there are notices of Messieurs P. C. Q.
Guyot, and C. A. Rethaan Macare.

198

MISCELLANEA.

Year.

1843 . . . .

1844 .

1845 .

1846 .

1847 .

1848 .

1849 .

1850 .

1851 . .

Year.

Gold Coinage.

1852 . .

. . £8,742,270

1853 . .

. . 11,952,391

1854 . .

. . 4,152,183

1855 . .

, . 9,008,663

1856 . .

. 6,002,114

1857 . .

. 4,859,860

1858 . .

. 1,231,023

1859 . .

. 2,649,509

1860 . . ,

. 3,121,709

The Coinage. — Nine years have elapsed since the discovery
of gold in Australia, and a comparison may now be drawn
between the amount of that most precious metal which has been
coined at the Royal Mint between the equal periods comprised
between 1843 and 1851, and 1862 and 1860 inclusive :—

Gold Coinage.
£6,607,849

3,563,949

4,244,608

4,334,911

5,158,440

2,451,999

2,177,955

1,491,836

4,400,411

These figures exhibit a total coinage of £86,151,680 — viz.,
£34,431,958 in the first nine years, and £51,719,722 in the
second. The yearly average between 1843 and 1851 was
£3,825,773, and between 1852 and 1860, £5,746,635, showing
an increase of, as nearly as possible, 50 per cent. The fact
must also be taken into consideration that a very large
number of sovereigns have been coined at the mint established
in Sydney. The value of the silver coined has undergone con-
siderable fluctuations, having reached its maximum in 1853,
when it was £701,544, while in 1848 it was only £35,442.
The copper coin struck fluctuated between £448 in 1850 and
£61,538 in 1854. The total value of the silver coinage in the
eighteen years was £5,982,461, and of the copper coinage
£241,449, the aggregate metallic issues of all descriptions having
been £92,377,590.— Times, May 28, 1861.

Sale of Coins, 2nd-10th August, 1861. — The collections
of the late Baron de Chaudoir, of St. Petersburg ; the late Rev.
Dr. Bandinel, of Oxford; and Count Torelli, of Modena, by
Messrs. Sotheby and Wilkinson. Lot 514. Cyzicene stater, ^,
size 4 by 3 ; figure seated on a tunny -fish, to left ; rev., quad .
incus. Fine — £13. Lot 524. Ptolemy Soter and Berenice, N,
size 7^ ; rev., Aaea^QN ; busts of Ptolemy Philadelphus and
Arsinoe. A rare tetrastater, but not fine — £11. Lot 526. Pto-
lemy III. iV, size 7 ; bust, with radiated diadem, chlamys, and
a trident-shaped sceptre ; rev., cornucopia, with tasniaa, <fec. A
rare tetrastater, but not fine — £8 8«. Lot 755. Domitian, 1 ^ ;
rev., Jovi ViCTORi ; usual type, lliglily preserved, and finely
patinated — £7 2s. 6c?. Lot 761. Galerius Antoninus, 1 Ail: rev.,

MISCELLANEA. 199

Faustina, Sen. Perfectly genuine, and a most desirable specimen
— £25 10«. This coin formerly belonged to the Prince Gagarin.
Lot 948. Mithradates VI. ; an extremely fine tetradrachm, with
a splendid portrait ; rev., stag, grazing; date, EK2, = year 225 of
the Pontic sera— £29 10«. Lot 851. Lycia, M, 5| ; wt. 142 grs. ;
boar, to right; rev., a triscelium, the ends forming cocks' heads,
within a sunk beaded square. (Of. the drachm in Fellows'
" Lycian Coins," PL ix. No. 7.) Unpublished— £10. Lot 857.
Seleucus I., King of SjTia ; the drachm ; head and neck of a
bridled horse, with bull's horns in the place of ears; rev.,
BAXIAEQS.SEAEYKOY'; anchor and flower. Fine -£5 17«. Qd.
Lot 908. Pescennius Niger ; rev., Justitia Avgvsti ; Equity,
standing — £5. Lot 969. Charles I., Oxford penny, as Hawkins*
553— £22 10«. This coin sold (1824) for £9 15«. Qd. ^ Lot 992.
George III., Pistrucci's pattern for a five-sovereign piece, 1820;
rev., St. George and the Dragon — £17. Lot 1081. Tiridates,
Satrap of Persia, minted in Cilicia, M, 6 ; Hercules and the king,
standing; rev., Baal-Tars, seated. In good condition — £12.
Lot 1083. Cyzicus, M ; 2QTEIPA, above the head of Proserpine ;
rev., KYI I; lion's head, tunny-fish, &c. A fine tetradrachm—
£8 8«. Lot 1089. Aenianes Thessalise, M; head of Pallas, with
decorated helmet; rev., AINIANQN . NIKAPXOS ; slinger, javelins,
star, &c. An excellent specimen — £5. Lot 1193. Argos, M,
6i ; head of Juno, to right, with low crown, encircled with Ionic
ornaments ; rev., wolf (the symbol of Apollo Lycius) between
two dolphins— £15 15«. Lot 1194. Ptolemy (?), M, 6|; wt.
21 6^^ grs.; draped busts of Jupiter and Juno; rev., htoae-
M AIOY . BASIAEQS ; eagle, 20 mon, and date 21 between its legs
Very fine — £29 10«. A similar specimen was bought in the
Thomas sale for £21. Lot 1359. Naxos, M; bearded head of
Bacchus, crowned with ivy, the back -hair tied in a knot ; rev.,
NAXION ; Silenus, seated, holding a two-handled wine cup. A
splendid tetradrachm, of early work — £13 5«. Lot 1361. AthensB,
Mj 6 ; full-faced mask ; rev., a sunk square, containing the full-
faced head and fore -paws of a lion. ( Vide Beule, " Monnaies
d'Ath^nes.") Fine, but perforated— £16 16«. Lot 1366. Ha-
liartus Bceotise, M, 5|; trident on a Boeotian buckler; rev.,
AAIAPTIQN ; Neptune, with trident, to right. Perfectly genuine,
but much oxydised — £10. Lot 1368. Epirus, M; heads of
Jupiter and Juno, to right; rev., AnElPQTAN; a furious bull,
butting, to right, within a garland. A fine tetradrachm —
£17 10«. Lot 1396. Pescennius Niger ; rev., Fortunje Reduci.
See Cohen, p. 216, No. 19. Very fine— £11.

Sale of Coins, 12th August, 1861. — The valuable cabinet
of Greek and Roman coins, formed by Octavius Borrell, Esq., of

200 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

Smyrna. The following pieces merit special notice. Lot 8.
Pseonia. Eupolemus Rex, JE, 3 ; three highly ornamented cir-
cular shields; rev., EYnOAEMOY; sword and belt. Very fine
— £1. Lot 36. Bithynia. Prusias I., M, 10| ; head, diademed
and bearded, to right; rev., BA2IAEQS .nPOYSlOY; Jupiter,
standing, attired, in the pallium ; in the field, a thunderbolt and
two monograms, Mt. 28 and 765. Fine, — £14 5«. Lot 62.
Troadis. Gentinos, M, 2 J ; Head of Apollo, to right; rev.,
^ , with a bee in the centre, the whole within a wreath. Fine

— £5 78. 6d. Lot 58. Ephesus of Gordian III., M, 8 ; rev.,
An[HM mon.-] H.IEPA . E^EClQN; carpentum of mules, to right.
Extra fine — £5 5s, Lot 61. Caria. Aphrodisias of Oaius
Caesar, ^, 3; TAIOS.kaisap; bare head of Gains, to right;
rev. A^POAlCieON; head of Aphrodite, to right. Unpublished
and very fine— £6. Lot 68. Lycia. -51, 3 by 4 ; forepart of a
wild boar, to left ; rev., TixxEFiEBE, and a four- pronged grapnel
within a sunk square — £7 15s. Lot 102. Phrygia. Acmonia,
of Poppsea, ^, 3|; nOHHAlA . CEBACTH ; a beautiful head of
Poppsea, to right, with a diadem of wheat-ears ; rev., AKMO-
NEQN . CEPOYHNIOY . KAHITONOC . CEOYHPAC. KAl . lOYAlAL;
Diana, to right ; in the field, monogs, EIII . APX . TO. A perfect
specimen — £16. Lot 113. Phrygia. Eucarpia, Faustina, jun.,
^, 4J; ^AYCxeiNA.CeBAC; head of the empress, to right;
rev., eni . r . ka . *a akkOY . cykaphon ; Fortune, standing, to
left. Fine — £3 13«. Lot 119. Phrygia. Siblium, of Gains
GflBsar, M, 3J; PAiOS; bare head of Gains, to right; rev.,
KAAAIKAHS , KAAAlsTPATOY . 2IBAIANQN, in five lines. Un-
published, and very fine — £20 5«. Lot 126. Syria. Antiochus II.,
Mj 9 ; with a wing attached to the diadem of Antiochus ; rev.,
Apollo, seated ; in the field, a monogram, exergue, a monogram
and a horse. Very fine — £13 5s. Lot 128. Syria. Antiochus (?),
M, 9 ; youthful diademed head, to right, within a circle of pellets ;
rev., BA2IAEQS. ANTIOXOY; the usual seated Apollo; in the
field, a stag's head and monogs, AP and nA. Fine — £8. Lot 129.
Syria. Antiochus (?), M, 8^; a, very unusual style of head,
diademed, and with close -cropped hair, to right; the usual
seated Apollo, exergue Ai, the whole within a circle of pellets.
Fine— £8. Lot 154. Pulcheria, JT ; rev., VGT . XX . M VLT .
XXX . G ; Victory, with a long cross, above, a star ; exergue
CONOB. Fine— £6 2«. 6d.

201

XXVII.

ON A COIN FROM THE OYKENAiCA, PRESENTED
TO THE BRITISH MUSEUM BY THE LATE F. H.
CROWE, ESQ., H. M. CONSUL AT CAIRO.

[Read before the Namismaiic Society, October 24th, 1861.]

At the time of the arrival at the British Museum of the
Cyrene marbles, the presentation of a very rare coin
struck in the Cyrenaica is extremely opportune; espe-
cially as it is one that raises questions of a more general
character than are usually suggested by ancient money.
This coin I should thus describe : —

Ohv, — Silphium plant.

Hev, — Gazelle, to the left; in front, silphium plant; above,
fruit of silphium ; in the field and under gazelle,
K : all in a sunk square.

M 5i, wt. 264-7 grs.

The silphium plant is the well-known symbol common
to the coins of Cyrene, Barca, and Hesperides. The fruit

VOL. I. N.S. D D

202 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

of the silphium occurs on early coins without inscriptions,
probably of the kingdom of Cyrene, and the gazelle is
common to Cyrene and Hesperides. Into the meaning of
these types I shall not here inquire; it is sufficient to
remark their common character.

The date of the coin, judging from its style, which is
slightly hard, must be about b.c. 450; perhaps somewhat
earlier, but I think certainly not later. It is an Attic
tetradrachm, having the heavy weight of the earlier coins
of Cyrene or the Cyrenai'ca, and Barca, which are of the
same or of archaic style. The inscription is certainly
K K. There can be no reasonable doubt that one of these
letters stands for KYPANAION ; the other would seem
to correspond to the KOINON which occurs singly on
coins of the Cyrenaica of the Ptolemaic period. This
opinion is strengthened by the circumstance that Sestini
published a silver didrachm of the period before the
Ptolemies with the legend KOIN KYPA, which has been
suspected. The word KOINON is known to indicate a
community, and to have been frequently used under the
Roman emperors by Greek cities, similarly to OMONOIAj
and the like. It was one of those fictions by which the
Roman emperors contrived to keep their Greek subjects
in good humour by giving them a semblance of inde-
pendence. The community is either that of a city, or of
several cities in a province, as KOINON BYZANTIQN,
KOINON KPHTQN. In the present instance, it would
intend either the community of Cyrene, or that of the
Cyrenaica; but the evidence in favour of the latter is
overwhelming when it is remembered that all the inha-
bitants of the Cyrenaica were generally under the govern-
ment of Cyrene, and were called Cyrenians. At Cyrene
alone we find this term used before the Roman rule, and

ON A COIN FROM THE CYRENAICA. 203

it was probably granted as a matter of policy by the
Egyptian sovereigns. As the example cited by Sestini is
anterior to the Egyptian dominion, we may reasonably
infer that the term was employed under the republic ; and
this gives a special interest to our yet earlier coin. If it
be rightly read it would indicate that at the time when it
was struck the republic was already established, for kings
would not have originated the use of this term. The
history of the latest period of the kingdom of Cyrene and
of the foundation of the republic is extremely obscure.
We only know that the last king was Arcesilaus IV., who
gained a victory in the chariot race at the Pythian Games,
B.C. 460, which Pindar has celebrated. (Pyth. iv. v.) He
is supposed to have died or been dethroned about b.c. 450.
We have no information, however, as to the existence of
the republic before B.c. 401. The evidence of our coin is,
therefore, probably a great help to history, for if the
explanation of the inscription which I have ventured to
give be correct, it would more nearly fix the age of the
establishment of the republic, since, as already shown, its
style forbids our placing it after about b.c 450.

This coin is of extreme rarity. In the excellent work of
MM. Falbe and Lindberg, completed and edited by M.
Miiller, *^Numismatique de TAncienne Afrique,^' vol. i.
pp. 11, 12, No. and Fig. 24, the only other specimen of
which I know is engraved from the French collection, where
but one letter — that beneath the gazelle — is given ; and it
seems incorrectly, for it here resembles a Xi and not a
KaTTTra. The form of the letters on our specimen would
explain this mistake, if it be one.

Reginald Stuart Poole.

204

XXVIII.

ADDITIONAL VARIETIES OP SHORT- CROSS
PENNIES OF HENRY III. TO THOSE PUBLISHED
IN THE FIRST AND SECOND VOLUMES OF
SAINTHILUS " OLLA PODRIDA."

In February, 1858, a hoard of 1,115 coins, said to have
been found at Newry, came to Dublin, and, fortunately,
were first submitted to Dr. Aquilla Smith, from whom a
detailed report of the coins is anxiously expected. Part
of the lot were 534 English pennies of Henry III., short
cross, and five cut half pennies. Of these, the five cut
half pennies and 431 pennies came to Cork, and on
examination gave the following results : —

Coins.

Canterbury 56

Carlisle 7

Cari(?) 1

Chichester 3

Durham 2

Exeter 6

Lincoln 10

London 202

Northampton 9

Norwich 17

Oxford 2

Rhudlam 8

Winchester . . . ^ .45

Worcester 4

Wilton 2

York 19

lllegi])le 38

431

ADDITIONAL SHORT-CROSS PENNIES OF HENRY III. 205

The cut half pennies were, two of London, two of
Canterbury, and one of Oxford, being halves of five dif-
ferent coins.

Five of the pennies had the cross ^^omm^e mint-mark, ♦,

WiLLELM ON Lu, FuLKB ON LUN, NiCOLE ON Du, AdAM

ON Win, Simund on Rula.

I had previously, of this rare mint-mark, Coldwine
ON C, Nicole on Can, Tomas on Rula.

A very rude penny of Fulke on Lund has on the
reverse a plain, broad, solid cross, with the usual cross
pommie in the quarters, and usual cross MM. It is most
probably from a carelessly engraved, unfinished, or worn-
out die (?) but the result renders it probably an unique
reverse of Henry III/s short-cross coinages.

New Readings, 43.

CANTERBUEY.

MEINIM ON CANT.

renald on CA.

EENATJD ON CA.
ROINARD ON CA.
SAMUEL ON C.

CABLISLE.

ALAIN ON . AliD.
ALEIN ON CARD.

cnicnESTEU.

WILLELM ON CIC.

DURHAM.

ADAM ON DUR.
NICOLE ON DU.

EXETER.

ROGER ON EXEC.

LINCOLN.

EDMUND ON NICOL.
LEFWINE ON NIC.
WILLELM ON NICO.

LONDON.

DAVI ON LUNDE.
PILAMER ON LUN.
FULKE ON LUN.
GOLD— E ON L— .
JOHAN ON LUNDE.
RANDUL ON LUND.
8TIEVENE ON LUND.
WILLELM P. ON LU.
WILEM ON LUND.
WILLELM ON LUND.
VI. ON . ON . LUNDE {Blun-
dered?).

206

NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

NOBTHAMPTON.

SIMTJN ON NORH.
RAUL ON NORH.
RAUL ON NORHT.

NORWICH.

RANDUL ON NO.
RANDUL ON NOR.
RENALD ON NOR.
ROBERD ON NOR.

OXFORD.

OWE IN ON OXENE.
SWEIN ON OXE.

RHUDLAM.

SIMUN ON RULA.

WINCHESTER.

ADAM ON WIN.
CLEMENT ON WIN.
GOCELM ON WI.
HENRI ON WING.
REINIER ON WINC.

WORCESTER.

EDRIC ON WIRIC.

YORK.

NICOLE ON EYER.

R. Sainthill.

XXIX.

SHORT-CROSS PENNIES OF HENRY IL OR IIL

The following list of the varieties of short-cross pennies
of Henry II. or III. in a hoard of these coins lately
discovered, has been communicated by the Rev. Assheton
Pownall, M.A., and forms a fitting sequel to the preceding
article by Mr. Sainthill.

The necessity of careful observation of the names of the
various moneyers, as connected with the diflferent mints^
both on these and on the long-cross coins, is obvious, as
in the case of the more uncommon names they are among
the most important means of throwing light upon the still
unsettled question as to whether the coins with the short
cross are to be attributed to Henry II. or III., respecting

SHORT-CROSS PENNIES OF HENRY II. OR III.

207

which SO many communications have appeared in former
volumes of the Numismatic Chronicle.

List of Short-cross Pennies.

CANTEBBUBr.

ARNATJD ON CA. CAN. .
HUE ON CANTE. . .
JOHAN ON CAN. CANT.:;.
JOHAN B. ON CA. CAN.''
JOHAN^M. ON CA. CAN
SAMTJEL:0N CA. CAN.
SIMON ON CANT. .
ROBERT ON CA. CAN. ^
ROBER. )

COLDWINE ON C. CA. .
ALISANDR ON C.

WINCH ESTEB.

RATJF ON WINC.
MILES ON WINC. WINCE.
BARTELME ON W. |
BERTELME. i

ADAM ON WIN. WINCE.
JOHAN ON WINC. .
ANDRETJ ON WIN.
LUKA8 ON WINC. .

LINCOLN.

HUE ON NIC.NICOL. NICOLE.
RAUF ON NICOL. .
RAUF ON NIC . . .
RICARD ON NICOL.
NICOLE ON LEN

YORK.

NICOLE ON EYE. EVER.
NICOLE ON EVER.
RENAUD ON EV.

No.

12
8
8
2
9
4
3

2
4

8
2

2
1

DAVI ON EVER 2

208 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

No.

DA VI 01^ EVERW 24*

TOMAS 0^ JSVR. .... 2

EVERARB ON EV. ... 1

OXFORD.

AILWINE ON OC, . . . . 1

HENRI ON OCSE: .... 1

EXETER.

JOHAN ON ECCE 2

QILEBERD ON EC. ... 2

NORTHAMPTOy.

ADAM ON NORH I

NORWICir.

RENAUD ON NO 2

JOHAN ON NOR 1

C QIC HESTER.

PIERES ON CICE I

WILLELM ON CIC 1

RAUF ON CICE, .... I

CARLISLE.

TOMAS ON CAR 1

DURHAM.

PIERES ON DVRE. ... 1

LONDON.

ABEL ON LYN. LVND. LVNDE. . 60

ADAM ON LYND. LVNDE. . . 5

BENEIT ON LVN. LVND. . . . 3

FULKE ON LVND 1

ILGER ON LV, LVBE.

One TQSids ILGIER. \ . 67
ILGER ON LVN. LVND. LVNDE. )

RAUF ON LVN. LVND. LVNDE. . 74

WALTER ON LV. LY^. LVN. . . 89

RICARD ON LVND 2

RICARD B. ON LV 4

ABSTRACT.

209

No.

RENER ON LVK

LVND.

, ,

WILLELM ON LV. LVN. .

WILLELM B. ON LV. LNV.

, ,

WILLELM L. ON LV. L\Sf.

WILLELM T. ON L. LV. LY^.

. .

Illegible ....

ABSTRACT.

Monejers.

Varieties

No. of c

Canterbury ... 10

Winchester .

Lincoln . .

York . . .

Oxford . .

Exeter . .

Northampton

Norwich . .

Chichester

Carlisle . .

Durham . .

London . .

357

472

2 D AVI ON EVERW. \ These f Dur have the rare mark

1 NICOLE ON EVER. of the cross pommie ♦ instead

1 RICARD ON NICOL. ) oi a cxo^^ paUe.

Unpublished varieties (so far as I know) are twenty-six
in number. The following are the new moneyers of their
respective mints : —

LUKAS ON WINC.
4- RICARD ON NICOL.
EVERAHD ON EV.
AILWINE ON OC.
HENRI ON OCSE.
GILEBERD ON OC.
RAUF ON CICE.
T0MA8 ON CAR.
NICOLE ON LEN.

VOL. 1. N.S.

£ £

210 numismatic chronicle.

Weights op 149 op these Pennies.

bov<

5 19J g.-8.

20 „

20i „

21 „

2H »

22 „

22J „

23 „

34>

2^ „

Mem. Their weight
does not generally
seem determined by
their condition.

149

These coins, of which 472 came into my hands^ are
said to have been found in Yorkshire. They are all of
the type which has two locks of hair right and left of
the face, and in each lock a pellet ; the type approximating
most nearly to that of the " long-cross'^ penny ; and many
of them are so fresh that the bloom is still upon the silver,
and the edges are quite sharp.

The names of unpublished varieties, and of those with
the cross pommee or botonie instead of the usual cross
paUe, are printed in italics.

ASSHETON POWNALL.

* Together weighing 1 dwt. 15 J grs.

* Altogether 1 oz. 12 dwt. 19 grs., being only 25 grs. short
of full weight on the 34 pieces.

* These together were 3 dwt. all hut half a grain.

211

XXX.

A PEW WORDS ON BYZANTINE NUMISMATIC
ART.

During the middle reigns of the members of the
Heraclian dynasty, Byzantine art, as illustrated by its
numismatics, had somewhat languished and deteriorated.
After, however, the return of Justinian Rhinotmetus from
exile, A.D. 705, the coins of this series record a marked
and decided stimulus for the better, both in the design
and vigour of their representations. The solidus of
Fileppicus Bardanes, on which he holds the eagle sceptre,
is the best type of this phase of revival ; nor, in our
opinion, can this beautiful coin be surpassed in the whole
length and breadth of the Byzantine series. The gold
pieces which occur of Theodosius Adramytenus are
principally of barbaric, and probably Italian fabric ; but
one tremissis, the only coin in our national collection
worthy to have issued from the mints of the capital,
shows no great perceptible degeneration from the im-
provement of the previous reign; nor do the solidi of
Artemius Anastasius, the next in order, which are fine
and well-spread pieces, of a bold and artistic design.

The troubles of these emperors^ reigns would not have
led us to expect any progressive movement for the better
in their monetary art, which, under most conditions, may
be accepted in its renewed epochs of vitality as no unfair
test of national prosperity. But it has been remarked
with some justice, that a worthless generation often may

212 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

acquire by an undeserved inheritance the slowly matured
improvements of a preceding age. Yet many are the
instances in which the arts of a nation are susceptible of
revival and decay at intervals sufficiently near each other
to prevent us tracing any correspondent analogy of dis-
turbance or variety in the history of their times.^

We may thus perceive that it would be highly erroneous
to assume that the degeneration of Byzantine art, any
more than of the Byzantine empire, continued in one
steady downward course from Anastasius to the last of
the Paleologi, although the convenience of such a gene-
ralisation has tempted the carelessness of some writers
into kindred statements.

We have next to notice a second phase, or rather
modification, of style in numismatic art, inaugurated by,
and contemporaneous with, the accession of Constantine
Copronymus. We shall find that this period attains its
maximum of excellence in the solidi of Michael the
Stammerer as emperor, in association with his son Theo-
philus as Despotes or Csesar. The excellence of these
coins consists rather in their elaboration and finish than
in any originality of design, and, although of considerable
beauty in their way, they have lost the freedom of execu-
tion and freshness of the solidi of Fileppicus, nor is this
compensated by their somewhat superior accuracy in the
treatment of details.

Under the Macedonian dynasty the commencement of
a third phase is not less clearly distinguishable. The

^ Mr. Finlay, in his " History of the Byzantine Empire,"
illustrates the vicissitudes of art in a short period by a com-
parison of a guinea of George III. with a coin of Cromwell, or
even Anne, or by the National Gallery as contrasted with
Whitehall.

A PEW WORDS ON BYZANTINE NUMISMATIC ART. 213

coinage of this style is inferior from its first appearance,
and, indeed, throughout its continuance to the produc-
tions of our two previous epochs. Yet, though we must
not compare the typical coins of this period with the
delicacy of execution observable on the pieces of the
two first emperors of Armorian family, we shall not be
disposed to deny to the coinage of the Macedonian
dynasty a decided impress and character of its own. Nor
does it lack at times the rough quaint vigour of a some-
what stem and religious cast, oflFering us certain peculiar,
and even realistic, motives of its own, which stamp and
distinguish its products. This tendency of expression
becomes intensified, but at the same time somewhat
improved, towards the end of this dynasty, and numis-
matic art continues to develop its above-mentioned cha-
racteristics in an even course of slow, but what we may
still call appreciable, progress until the early part of the
reign of Alexius Comnenus ; from and after which period
the deterioration is gradual, but uninterrupted, till the
decay of all representative art on the coinage culminates
in the aspers of Trebizond, and the ungainly marmelati
of the last centuries of the empire. It is interesting to
observe that, aft^ the time of Manuel I., Comnenus,
a depreciation of the currency also ensued.^ This, inas-
much as nearly contemporaneous in commencement with
the decay in the fabric and art of the coinage, may have
progressed in some sort of proportion therewith.

In the above general view of the phases of improve-
ment in numismatic art, I must be understood as speaking
merely with reference to the coinage of the capital ; thus
the element of barbarism must be carefully considered

2 Finlay, ^* Greece under the Romans," p. 543.

214 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

and eliminated before we should venture to generalise
upon the comparative excellence of coin-art at any two
given periods. Examples vary from the coinage of
some great mint, to all appearance little inferior to
that of the capital, to the clumsiest copy by a barbarous
tribe, sometimes many years after the original piece was
struck; thus are we perplexed, in some reigns, by the
puzzling alternations of rudeness and comparative excel-
lence displayed by coins often inscribed with the name of
one and the same emperor ; and it is only by a careful
study of barbarism in its effects upon, and relations with,
numismatic art, that we are ever likely to arrive at even
an approximate chronological arrangement of the series of
ancient Greek cities — a most interesting field of research,
where the materials and descriptive notices are abundant,
but the attempts at generalisation comparatively few.

To return to Byzantine art, the real importance of
which, as to Byzantine history, is contained in the fact of
its supplying us with the link between the ancient and
the mediaeval world. Nor must we foi^et that this
Eastern Empire was the channel through which the civi-
lization of Rome, and of the Roman Caesars, was slowly
ingrafted upon the different nations who had overrun the
provinces of the Western Empire.

Nor was Byzantium less instrumental in handing down
to our times much which, but for the comparative security
of the East during the confusion that succeeded the
invasions of Odoacer and Theodoric, must have been
inevitably swept away and forgotten.

It would be no uninteresting task to trace the influence
which Byzantine art exercised upon the first revival of
the Italian schools of painting, as exhibited in the works of
Giotto, Cimabue, and their disciples. Analogies are more

A FEW WORDS ON BYZANTINE NUMISMATIC ART. 215

than frequent, both in the choice of subjects and in the
treatment of such subjects — the same grim realistic con-
ceptions of saints and kings, the same stiff limbs and
draperies, the same heavy and cumbrous ornamentation.

Yet, even long before the time of these Italian artists,
the different barbarians of the West had, like the Saracens
in the East, taken the Byzantine type as models for their
coinage.

We have only to select, perhaps, the best-known instance-
of this process, to convince ourselves of the frequency and
closeness of such copies.

The series of the dukes of Benevento had branched
immediately from the solidi of Justinian II. At first, the
prototype was exactly and servilely reproduced ; gradually
the initial ktter of the ducal name for the time being was
inserted; and, lastly, we read on such coins the substi-
tution of the duke^s name and title in full for those of
Justinian, though they never venture to discard the
original and typical effigy of that emperor for any closer
resemblance to the portrait of their living dukes.

J. L. W.

216

XXXI.

A COIN OP HELIKE.

[Translated from the "Berlin Archseologische Zt-itung," 1861.]

The perfectly preserved brass coin, the drawing of which
I send herewith, has been bought recently by a German
traveller at Chani Makaru, near Helike, and with it this
ancient Ionic capital of Achaia, mentioned so early as the
^^Iliad/^ appears for the first time in the series of the
towns which struck coins. Perhaps the coin hands down
to us, in the head of Poseidon, surrounded by a circle of
waves, a copy of the brass statue of Poseidon Helikonios.
This idol was considered so sacred, that the partaking of
foreigners in the service of the temple was forbidden.
Even the permission to copy the statue for another
temple, when the lonians of Asia Minor came to ask
for.it, was withheld. This refusal provoked the god so
that he destroyed his own sanctuary. The town was
demolished in the year 373 a.c. (01. 101, 4) by an earth-
quake, and swallowed by the ocean.

The inscription can only be read from right to
left, HIAS, for read from left to right, turning the

A COIN OP HELIKE. 217

coin, it would give EVIK. But the second letter is
not V : and even V, this ancient form of Lambda had
ceased too soon for it to be found on a Greek brass coin,
especially on a coin of so beautiful a style. This piece
was certainly not coined long before the destruction of
the town.

Besides Corinthus and Sicyon, there are but few towns
of Achaia which had mints — iEgira, iEgium, Patrse^
Pellene, Phlius ; and, under the domination of the Romans,
-ffigira, ^gium, Bura, Patrse, Pellene. Recently, some
silver and brass coins, with the inscription AY, have been
attributed to Dyme, as well as a dubious one coined
under Augustus with C . I . A . DYM. (perhaps instead of
C . I . A . DIVM. ?) The coins Payne Knight attributes
to Peirse, are of Amisus; those given to Rhypse, of
Rybastini in Apulia. The coin described in the Mag-
noncour Catalogue, No. 281, as one of the Achaei, with
the inscription AXAIQN, is now in the royal cabinet at
Berlin. It bears the inscription AXAIQN EYMENEQN ;
consequently, it is of Eumenia, in Phrygia.

Julius Friedlaender.
Bebun.

VOL. I. N.S. F f

218

XXXII.

UNPUBLISHED GREEK AUTONOMOUS AND
IMPERIAL COINS.

I HAVE much pleasure in laying before the Numismatic
Society a notice of many hitherto unpublished Greek
Autonomous and Imperial coins in copper and silver;
some of which are of extreme rarity, and remarkably fine.

Caria.

Aphrodtsia of Caius Caesar. M 3. TAIOS . KAISAP.
Bare head of Caius, to right. Rev. A^POAI-
CieON. Head of Aphrodite, to right.

\* This is the first coin known of Caius, of this
town.

of Gordian III. M 10|. AY . K . M . AN .

rOPAIANOC . Ce. Radiated head of Gordian, to
right, with the paludamentum. Rev. AHMOC .
eAerOEPIA A^POAICIGON. Nude Genius of
the People, standing by an altar, holding a patera
in his right hand, and a long branch in his left,
with a mantle depending from his left arm; to
his left, the goddess Aphrodite, standing with
her right hand raised above his head, and with a
bird perched on her left.

ApoUoma. M 2j. Head of Apollo, to right ADOA-
AQNIAT12N, in two lines, divided by a four-
stringed lyre.

Asti/palea, insula. M 1^. Helmeted head of Perseus, to
right. Rev, ^ A {sic). The /alx; or pruning*
knife. "

GREEK AUTONOMOUS AND IMPERIAL COINS. 219

Eriza. M 3. Head of Jupiter, to right. Ref), — GPI-
ZHNiiN, in two lines, divided by an eagle perched
on a thunderbolt.

Paleopolts of Elagabalus. J& lOj. ... AY . ANTO . . .
NOC. Radiated head of the emperor, with draped
bust, to right. /?et;.— HAAeonOAeiTON. Three
athletes, standing, one to right, and one to left,
whilst the other, or centre one, is anointing his
right arm by thrusting it into a vase ; above, a
prize vase ; exergue, GGMIC.

Rhodus, insula, M 4. Radiated head of the sun, three-
quarter face. Rev. — MEAANinilOS, around a
full-blown rose, the whole within a circle of
pellets.

Telos, insula. ^ IJ. Head of Mercury, with petasus,
to right. Rev. — TE and a fly, within a sunk
square.

Lycia.

L^cia in genere of Claudius. -^ 4. TI3EPI0S . KAAY-
AIOS [KAISAP . SEBASTOS]. Bare head of
the emperor, to left. TJcv. — rePMANIKOS .
AYTOKPATfltP. Germanicus, on horseback, gal-
loping, to right.

JE^ 6. Legend wanting.

Bare head of the emperor, to left. Rev. — FEP-
MANIK02 . AYTOKPATOP . [HATHP] HATPI-
A02. Diana, standing, holding a torch in her
right hand, and a victory in her left ; at her feet,
a stag.

M 6. TIBEPIOS . KAAY-

AIOS . SEBASTOS. Bare head of the emperor,
to left, i^^.— rEPMANIKOS . AYTOKPATOP .
HATGP . HATPIAOS. Germanicus, on horse-
back, armed, to right; behind, Pallas, on a
pedestal.

Apollonia of GetsL. JE, 7. i2<?i;.— AnOAAONIATON . AY.
Fortune, standing, to left.

of Gallienus. M 11. i?e«.— AHOAAONIATHN.

A river-god, seated; exergue, OPAK.

220 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

Araxa, M 4 J. Head of Diana, to right ; in front, AYK.
mon. Rev, — A stag, to right ; exergue XA.
mow. PA.

Caunus, M 2. Sphinx, squatting, to right. Rev. — ^Bull,
butting, to right.

Choma, M 2. Head of Jupiter, to right. Rev, — XO,
divided by a club, within a wreath.

Corycus. M 2. Two bearded heads, side by side, to
- right. Rev. — KO. Lion, running, to right.

Cragm and Xanthus {in alliance). JS 3. Head of Diana,
to right. Rev. — KP . BAN. A quiver.

Cyaneae. M 2J. Head of Medusa. Rev. — KY. mon.
A SMI, separated by a rose.

Heraclea and Phaselts {in alliance). JS 4. Bearded
head, to right. /?cv.— HPAKAGATO . ^lAS {stc),
and a club within a wreath.

Limyra. M \\. Head of Apollo, to right. Rev, —
AYKION . A. Bow and club transversed.

M 2. Head of Diana, to right. Rev, — AY and

a quiver within a sunk square.

Patara. M \\. HATA. Female head, to right. Rev. —
Female head, to right.

r/o«. M 3. Head of Apollo, with the attributes of
Diana, to right. /?ct;.— AYKK2N . TA. Head
of Diana, to right, within a sunk square.

Tloi and Cragm {in alliance). ^ 3|. Head of Diana, to
right. Rev.—T\ . KP. Stag, to right.

Pamphyha.

Ariassus of Gordian III. -ZE 9. i?er.— APIACCeC3DN.
A nude fij^ure, standing, receiving a branch from
a draped figure, seated.

QllBER AUTONOMOUS AND IMPERIAL COINS. 25^1

Ma^i/du8 of GsLmenuB, uE9. AYT . KAI . HO . AI . TAA-
AIHNO . CeB. . Laureated head of the emperor,
with paludamentum, to right; helow, a globe.
iPcw.— MAfYAeON. Fortune^ standing; in the
field, MA and I.

PiSIDlA.

Antiochia Colonia, M 2. ANTIOCH. Bare juvenile
head, to left; behind, a caduceus. Rev. — AN.
mon. COLONI. Cock, to' right.

ApoUonia. M 3. Helmeted head, to right. Rev. — AIIO.
Slinger, to right.

Claudia 'Selenceia of Caracalla. M 6. Rev. — KAAYAIO-
C8AeYK€12N. Apollo, discharging -an arrow
from his bow.

of Claudius Gothicus. M 9. Rev. —

KAAYAIOCeAGYKefiN. Jupiter, seated, to
left, holding a victory in his right hand.

Conane of Julia Mamsea. M 6J. i?«i;.— KONANeON.
Bacchus, standing, to left ; at his feet, a panther.

Cremna. M 3. Head of Diana, to right; behind, a
spear-head. Rev. — KPH. Forepart of lion, to
right ; above, T ; the whole within a dotted
circle.

of Aurelian. JE 9. IMP . . S . L .

DOM . AYKELIANO. Laureate head of
Aurelian, with paludamentum, to right. Rev. —
COL . IVLI . AV . CReMNe. A semi-draped
male figure, seated, to left, with haita; at his
feet, a bird.

Fedneltssus of A^ntoninus Pius. M 4. i?ci;.— n€ANH-
AlCCe ^ N. Female head to left.

Pogla. ^ 1 J, 2, 4. fo) on a round buckler. Rev. — Tri-
quetra.

Sagalassus of Marcus Aurelius. JS 6. Rev. — CAFA-
AACCe[^N, mon^. Lion, springing to left;
in exergue, a branch.

222 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

Sagalassus of Claudius Gothicus. M 9J. Eev. — CATA-
AACCeON. Hercules destroying the hydra.

M 10. Rev,—

. . OYAH . AHMOC . CATAAACCeON. The

Genius of the People hand-in-hand with the
emperor.

Lydia.

Blaundoi of Otacilia Severa. -^9. M . OTAK . CGBHPA .
C6. Head of the empress, to right. Mev, — £n.
AYP TAYKONOC . T . NH^P . APX . A.BAAYN-
A60N . MAK. Amazon, on horseback^ to right,
armed with a bipennis.

— of Volusian. iE 8. jRcv.—BAAYNAeON .

MA . €T . PAYHATNIAG. Amazon, on horse-
back, to right, armed with a bipennis.

Phrygta.

Acmoma of Poppsea. M 3 J. nOHIIAIA . tEBAETH.
Head of Poppsea, to right, dressed with a diadem
of wheat - ears. Rev, — AKMONEHN . EE -
POYHNIOY . KAniTONOr. . EEOYHPAC . KAI .
lOYAIAC. Diana, to right, holding a bow in her
extended left hand, and with her right drawing
an arrow from her quiver; in the field, mens.
EHI . APX . TO.

Cotiaeum of Domitia. M 5J. AOMITIA . SEBASTH.
Head of the empress, to right. Rev, — EDI .
MET . ^ . 2nS0(?)ENOYS . KOTIAEON. Female,
seated on a high-backed chair, to left, holding a
patera in her right hand.

of Otacilia Severa. M 6. Rev, — GUI. P.

lOYA . nONTIKOY . APXIEPEOC . KOTIAEON.

Hercules despoiling the Geryneian stag of its
golden antlers.

Eucarpeia of Faustina Jun. ^ 4^. ^AYCTGINA .
CGBAC. Head of the empress, to right Rev. —

eni . r . KA . ^aakkoy . eYKAPneoN.

Fortune, standing, to left.

GREEK AUTONOMOUS AND IMPERIAL COINS. 223

PrymneMus. M ^\, Head of Serapis, to right. Rev, —
nPYMNHCCeON. -^sculapius, standing.

Sihlium of Cains Caesar. M 3 J. TAIOS. Bare head of
Cains, to right. i?ei;.— KAAAIKAH2 . KAAAIS-
TPATOY.SIBAIANON, in five lines across the
field.

*#* This is the first coin known of Cains of this
town.

W. Webster.

212 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

We may thus perceive that it would be highly erroneous
to assume that the degeneration of Byzantine art^ any
more than of the Byzantine empire^ continued in one
steady downward course from Anastasius to the last of
the Paleologi, although the convenience of such a gene-
ralisation has tempted the carelessness of some writers
into kindred statements.

We have next to notice a second phase^ or rather
modification, of style in numismatic art, inaugurated by,
and contemporaneous with, the accession of Constantine
Copronymus. We shall find that this period attains its
maximum of excellence in the solidi of Michael the
Stammerer as emperor, in association with his son Theo-
philus as Despotes or Caesar. The excellence of these
coins consists rather in their elaboration and finish than
in any originality of design, and, although of considerable
beauty in their way, they have lost the freedom of execu-
tion and freshness of the solidi of Fileppicus, nor is this
compensated by their somewhat superior accuracy in the
treatment of details.

Under the Macedonian dynasty the commencement of
a third phase is not less clearly distinguishable. The

1 Mr. Finlay, in his " History of the Byzantine Empire,"
illustrates the vicissitudes of art in a short period by a com-
parison of a guinea of George III. with a coin of Cromwell, or
even Anne, or by the National Gallery as contrasted with
Whitehall.

A FEW WORDS ON BYZANTINE NUMISMATIC ART. 213

coinage of this style is inferior from its first appearance^
and^ indeed^ throughout its continuance to the produc-
tions of our two previous epochs. Yet^ though we must
not compare the typical coins of this period with the
delicacy of execution observable on the pieces of the
two first emperors of Armorian family^ we shall not be
disposed to deny to the coinage of the Macedonian
dynasty a decided impress and character of its own. Nor
does it lack at times the rough quaint vigour of a some-
what stem and religious cast^ offering us certain peculiar,
and even realistic, motives of its own, which stamp and
distinguish its products. This tendency of expression
becomes intensified, but at the same time somewhat
improved, towards the end of this dynasty, and numis-
matic art continues to develop its above-mentioned cha-
racteristics in an even course of slow, but what we may
still call appreciable, progress until the early part of the
reign of Alexius Comnenus j from and after which period
the deterioration is gradual, but uninterrupted, till the
decay of all representative art on the coinage culminates
in the aspers of Trebizond, and the ungainly manuelati
of the last centuries of the empire. It is interesting to
observe that, aft^ the time of Manuel I., Comnenus,
a depreciation of the currency also ensued.^ This, inas-
much as nearly contemporaneous in commencement with
the decay in the fabric and art of the coinage, may have
progressed in some sort of proportion therewith.

2 Finlay, ** Greece under the Romans," p. 543.

214 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

and eliminated before we should venture to generalise
upon the comparative excellence of coin-art at any two
given periods. Examples vary from the coinage of
some great mint^ to all appearance little inferior to
that of the capital^ to the clumsiest copy by a barbarous
tribe, sometimes many years after the original piece was
struck; thus are we perplexed, in some reigns, by the
puzzling alternations of rudeness and comparative excel-
lence displayed by coins often inscribed with the name of
one and the same emperor j and it is only by a careful
study of barbarism in its effects upon, and relations with,
numismatic art, that we are ever likely to arrive at even
an approximate chronological arrangement of the series of
ancient Greek cities — a most interesting field of research,
where the materials and descriptive notices are abundant,
but the attempts at generalisation comparatively few.

To return to Byzantine art, the real importance of
which, as to Byzantine history, is contained in the fact of
its supplying us with the link between the ancient and
the mediaeval world. Nor must we forget that this
Eastern Empire was the channel through which the civi-
lization of Rome, and of the Roman Csesars, was slowly
ingrafted upon the different nations who had overrun the
provinces of the Western Empire.

A FEW WORDS ON BYZANTINE NUMISMATIC ART. 215

than frequent J both in the choice of subjects and in the
treatment of such subjects — the same grim realistic con-
ceptions of saints and kings^ the same stiff limbs and
draperies^ the same heavy and cumbrous ornamentation.

Yet, even long before the time of these Italian artists,
the different barbarians of the West had, like the Saracens
in the East, taken the Byzantine type as models for their
coinage.

We have only to select, perhaps, the best-known instance-
of this process, to convince ourselves of the frequency and
closeness of such copies.

The series of the dukes of Benevento had branched
immediately from the solidi of Justinian II. At first, the
prototype was exactly and servilely reproduced ; gradually
the initial lietter of the ducal name for the time being was
inserted ; and, lastly, we read on such coins the substi-
tution of the duke^s name and title in fuQ for those of
Justinian, though they never venture to discard the
original and typical effigy of that emperor for any closer
resemblance to the portrait of their living dukes.

J. L. W.

216

XXXI,

A COIN OF HELIKE.

[Translated from the ''Berlin Archeologiache Zt-itang," 1861.]

The perfectly preserved brass coin^ the drawing of which
I send herewith^ has been bought recently by a German
traveller at Chani Makaru, near Helike^ and with it this
ancient Ionic capital of Achaia^ mentioned so early as the
''Iliad/^ appears for the first time in the series of the
towns which struck coins. Perhaps the coin hands down
to us, in the head of Poseidon, surrounded by a circle of
waves, a copy of the brass statue of Poseidon Helikonios.
This idol was considered so sacred, that the partaking of
foreigners in the service of the temple was forbidden.
Even the permission to copy the statue for another
temple, when the lonians of Asia Minor came to ask
for.it, was withheld. This refusal provoked the god so
that he destroyed his own sanctuary. The town was
demolished in the year 373 a.c. (01. 101, 4) by an earth-
quake, and swallowed by the ocean.

The inscription can only be read from right to
left, 3 1 A3, for read from left to right, turning the

A COIN OP HELIKE. 217

coin^ it would give EVIK. But the second letter is
not V : and even V^ this ancient form of Lambda had
ceased too soon for it to be found on a Greek brass coin^
especially on a coin of so beautiful a style. This piece
was certainly not coined long before the destruction of
the town.

Besides Corinthus and Sicyon, there are but few towns
of Achaia which had mints — iEgira^ iEgium, Patrae^
Pellene^ Phlius j and, under the domination of the Romans,
iEgira, ^Egium, Bura, Patrse, Pellene. Recently, some
silver and brass coins, with the inscription AY, have been
attributed to Dyme, as well as a dubious one coined
under Augustus with C . I . A . DYM. (perhaps instead of
C . I . A . DIVM. ?) The coins Payne Knight attributes
to Peirse, are of Amisusj those given to Rhypse, of
Rybastini in Apulia. The coin described in the Mag-
noncour Catalogue, No. 281, as one of the Achaei, with
the inscription AXAION, is now in the royal cabinet at
Berlin. It bears the inscription AX AIQN EYMENEQN;
consequently, it is of Eumenia, in Phrygia.

Julius Friedlaender.
Berlin.

VOL. I. N.S. F F

218

XXXII.

UNPUBLISHED GREEK AUTONOMOUS AND
IMPERIAL COINS.

Caria.

Aphrodisia of Caius Cfiesar. M 3. TAIOS . KAISAP.
Bare head of Caius, to right. Rev. A^PGAI-
CieON. Head of Aphrodite, to right.

%* This is the first coin known of Caius, of this
town.

of Gordian III. M lOJ. AY . K . M . AN .

rOPAIANOC . Ce. Radiated head of Gordian, to
right, with the paludamentum. Rev. AHMOC .
eAeVGEPIA A^POAICieON. Nude GeniuB of
the People, standing by an altar, holding a patera
in his right hand, and a long branch in his left,
with a mantle depending from his left arm; to
his left, the goddess Aphrodite, standing with
her right hand raised above his head, and with a
bird perched on her left.

Apollonia. M 2i. Head of Apollo, to right. AUGA-
AQNIAT12N, in two lines, divided by a four-
stringed lyre.

Aitypalea, insula. M 1^. Helmeted head of Perseus, to
right. Rev, ^ A (sic). The /alx; or pnming-
knife. "*

GREEK AUTONOMOUS AND IMPERIAL COINS. 219

Eriza. M 3. Head of Jupiter, to right. i?«t?. — GPI-
ZHN^N, in two lines, divided by an eagle perched
on a thunderbolt.

Paleopolis of Elagabalus. M lOj. ... AT . ANTO . . .
NOC. Radiated head of the emperor, with draped
bust, to right. i?cw.— HAAeonOAeiTQN. Three
athletes, standing, one to right, and one to left,
whilst the other, or centre one, is anointing his
right arm by thrusting it into a vase ; above, a
prize vase ; exergue, eGMIC.

Rhodus, insula, M 4. Radiated head of the sun, three-
quarter face. Rev. — MEAANIIinOS, around a
full-blown rose, the whole vnthin a circle of
pellets.

TeloSy insula. J^ IJ. Head of Mercury, vnth petasus,
to right. Rev. — TE and a fly, vydthin a sunk
square.

Lycia.

Li/cia in genere of Claudius. jE 4. TI3EPI0S . KAAY-
AIOS [KAISAP . SEBASTOS]. Bare head of
the emperor, to left. i^cv. •— rePMANIKOS .
AYTOKPATiiP. Germanicus, on horseback, gal-
loping, to right.

-^ 6. Legend wanting.

Bare head of the emperor, to left. Rev. — FEP-
MANIK02 . AYTOKPATOP . [HATRPJ HATPI-
A02. Diana, standing, holding a torch in her
right hand, and a victory in her left ; at her feet,
a stag.

M 6. TIBEPI02 . KAAY-

AIOS . SEBASTOS. Bare head of the emperor,
to left. i?ei;.— rEPMANIKOS . AYTOKPATfiP .
HATeP . HATPIAOS. Germanicus, on horse-
back, armed, to right; behind, Pallas, on a
pedestal.

Apollonia of Geta. M 7. i?(?t;.— AHOAAONIATON . AY.
Fortune, standing, to left.

of Gallienus. M 11. i2ei;.— AnOAAONIATON.

A river-god, seated; exergue, OPAK.

228

XXXIV.

NOTE ON THE EN tBtO NfKA AND AnAN^GSIS
TYPES OF THE HERACLIAN DYNASTY.

Since writing a description of a hoard of coins discovered
in Cyprus^ I have found the views I there advocated sin-
gularly confirmed by the following passage in Mr. Finlay^s
" Greece under the Romans.^^ This historian, in speak-
ing of the wholesale emigrations effected by the imperial
caprice of Justinian Rhinotmetus, says : —

"Three years after the conclusion of peace with Abdal
Melik, he (Rhinotmetus) resolved to withdraw all the
inhabitants from the half of the Island of Cyprus, of
which he remained master, in order to prevent the Chris-
tians from becoming accustomed to the Saracen adminis-
tration. The Cypriote population was transported to a
new city near Cyzicus, which the emperor called after
himself, Justinianopolis.^^ ^

Such testimony evidences the ready disposition of the
Greek population to amalgamate with their Saracenic
masters, and speaks volumes for the equitable adminis-
tration of the latter. We submit, with the greatest
respect for the authority of M. de Saulcy, that such a
passage is at variance with his reason for the attribution
of the coin of Cyprus, engraved, PI. viii. No. 3, in his
excellent work on the Byzantine series. He says, at
p. 71 :-

'P. 476.

TYPES OP THE HERACLIAN DYNASTY. 229

''Cette lie (Chypre) ^tant tombfe au pouvoir des
Sarrazins dans Pannee VII. du regne de Constant II.,
comme le rapporte Cedrenus, la pi^ce est necessairement
d^Heraclius, Martine et Heraclius-Constantin.^^

M. de Saulcy is right in this attribution, but wrong in
the reason he assigns for it, since the monogram of the
elder Heraclius — only indicated in his engraving above
the monetary M on the reverse of the coin, but perfectly
distinct in a British Museum example — settles the point.

Mr. Finlay^s hypothesis for the origin of the types
under consideration is well worthy of attention.

*' Heraclius, in the early part of the seventh century,
first introduced a Greek legend, feN TOYTO NIKA,
on the copper coins of rude fabric, which were probably
coined for the use of the troops and the provincials
during his Persian campaigns.^^^

The only modification to be suggested in this extract
is to omit the words '^of rude fabric j^^ for certainly the
coins of this type are no ruder in general workmanship
than the rest of the copper currency of the period. The
sentence, as it reads above, would almost give one the
impression of this having been issued as a pihce de neces-
site, and the fabric would be accordingly inferior, as that
of the siege-pieces of later times. The idea, however, of
connecting the appearance of the feN T5YT0 NIKA
pieces with the Persian campaigns of Heraclius for paying
the army and passing current among the provinces conti-
guous to the military operations, deserves a conspicuous
place among the theories propounded on the origin of
this type. Such a type would be peculiarly appropriate
in a war against the crescent and the infidels, thus

' P. 645, Appendix I.

230 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

re-adopting the labarum motto — translated^ however, and
thereby showing how essentially Greek the Empire had
become. This supposition only disposes of half the diffi-
culty, since the ANAN£02I2 part of these types does
not agree well with Mr. Finlay^s ingenious suggestion,
and would seem rather to indicate some fresh era inau-
gurated by the accession of a new dynasty, than the
commencement of a war in the thirteenth year after that

event.

J. L. W.

231

XXXV.

ON THE IMPERIAL CONSULAR " DRESS."

[Read before the Numismatic Society, November 21, 1861.]

It is doubtful whether in the following remarks there
may be anything that is really new ; yet, notwithstanding.
I am inclined to think that there will be found some
things that the generality of my readers do not know.
My attention was principally called to the subject before
you by the indiscriminate manner in which the form
of the ^^ garment/^ as represented on the coins of the
later emperors, is described in M. Cohen^s work, "Les
Medailles Imperiales.^^ Either it is ''the emperor^s
bust, covered with the paludamentum and cuirass/^ or it
is varied by "bust with the imperial robe.^^ It is my
object here to lay before you an account of the various
dresses used in the imperial period, and to show that
the bust is not always covered with the paludamentum
or the imperial robe. Besides, the term " imperial robe'^
is very indefinite, and an appropriate name ought to be
found for it.

I may notice the extreme fondness, in ancient times,
for fine and gaudy robes. The following passages, ex-
tracted from Homer, will illustrate this : —

fl It fxiyav ifrroy v^acve
A/frXaica iropfjivpiriv, woXeag h'tviiratrtrev hidXovc

^/^. lib. iii. 125.

282 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

d; TTcVXoi trafjiirolKiXoi, epya yvvaiKwy

11. Ub. vi. 289.

'AW ^y* iffTOV v<^aivE liv-^dp dSfxov viptikoio
A/xXa/ca wopipvperiv, ev de dpova voiKiX* Itiraaaev*

77. lib. xxii. 440.

The first ancient author who mentions silk is Aristotle.^
It was manufactured at Cos as early as the fourth cen-
tury B.C. Under the empire, the rage for silk garments
was immense, and Tiberius was obliged to enact a law,
'' ne vestis serica viros foedaret.^*^ The beautiful material
and fineness of the silk in use, as also the flowered
texture, is mentioned by an author supposed to be con-
temporary with those of the Augustan age.^ Afterwards,
measures were adopted to restrict its use, but it was
again revived by Caligula for both males and females.* In
the year a.d. 176, M. Aurelius sold his wife^s silks in the
forum of Trajan.^

Among the various names for the dresses, and parts
of the dresses, in use during the- reigns of Elagabalus,
Severus Alexander, Aurelianus, Claudius II., and Carinas,
I may mention the following : —

1. Toga prsetexta." 2. Toga picta.

^ H. A. lib. v. cap. 19. — *Eic M tovtov tov Z<^ov kuI ra ^fi-
pvKia dvaXvovffi twv yvvaiKwv Tivti: ayairiyve^o/zcvat, K&vevra v^/-
vovtriv. — Bo/i/3u{ is a silkworm.

2 Tac. Ann. ii. 33.
Diony. Perieg. 755 : —

^''EifjLara rtvxovaiy TroXvdal^aXa, Tifii/evra
Ei^o/x£va 'xpoifj Xei/iwviloc avOetri wolrfg,
KtiyoiQ ovTi Kiv €pyov dpax^a^y epitreitv.

* Suet. Cal. 52.

^ In foro divi Trajani auctionem ornamentorum imperialinm
fecit vendiditque . . . . et vcstem uxoriam sericam et aaratam. —
(Capit. Aur. 17.)

^ The ordinary dresses, viz., the toga, tunica, pcenula, la-

ON THE IMPERIAL CONSULAR ^^ DRESS.'^ 233

3. Tunica palmata. 10. Clavus anofustus.

4. Serica vestis. 11. Interulse dilores.

5. Subserica vestis. 12. Interulse paragaudse.

6. Holoserica vestis. 13. Monolores vestes.

7. Subarmalis profundus. 14. iJilores vestes.

8. Paragaudfle. 15. TriJores vestes.

9. Clavus latus. 16. Pentelores vestes.

The toga pratexta'^ had a broad purple border.

The toga picta was ornamented with Phrygian em-
broidery, and usually worn by generals in triumph, and,
under the emperors, by the consuls when they triumphed.

The tunica palmata was a flowered tunic, and was also
called tunica Jovis, because it was taken from the Temple
of Jupiter Capitolinus.® This robe was also worn at
triumphs, and by the consuls.

The serica and subserica vestis were partially or half
silk, and holoserica entirely silk.

The subarmalis profundus was a long unembroidered
tunic, worn by the consuls.

Paragaudce, were the borders or trimmings of a garment.

cema, &c., I need not allude to. The first may be seen on the
coins of Trajanus, Hadrianus, Antoninus Pius, cfec, where the
type is generally " the emperor, wearing the toga, sacrificing
before an altar.**

^ The toga praetexta, under the emperors, probably superseded
the trabea under the republic. The latter was worn by the
consuls in public solemnities, such as opening the Temple of
Janus : —

" Ipse, Quirinali trabed cinctuque Gabino
Insignis, reserat stridentia limina consul."

Virg. Mn, vii. 612.

Claudian, in speaking of the consulship of Probinus and Olybrius
(1. 178), mentions robes interwoven with gold (auratas trabeas),
made for them by their mother Proba. The \\ord trabea at
this period is used to express the consular robe. There are
many other allusions to the consular dress in the same author,
but space does not permit me to quote them.

® ISee Liv. x. 7, Juv. x. 38. This robe was also called Ca-
pitoUna, — (Vopisc. Prob. 7.)

VOL. I. N.s. H H

234 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

These were among the presents given by Furius Pla-
cidus in a.d. 343, when he was made consnl.^ By a law
of Valentinianus and Valens, their use was forbidden,
excepting in the emperor^s private gynsecea.

The clavus latus was a broad stripe, of purple colour, in
the middle of the tunic, in front, running down from the
neck, and was a distinctive badge of the senatorial dignity.

The clavus angustus was a narrow stripe of purple.

Interulce dilores, under-garments with two stripes.

Interul(B paragaudcBy under-trimmings.

Vestes monolores, &c., robes with one, two, three, and
five stripes of embroidered silk.

The following are the passages in which Nos. 1, 2, 3,
and 7 are alluded to : —

Prcetextam et pictam togam nunquam nisi consul accepit, et
earn quidem quam de Jovis templo sumptam alii quoque acci-
piebant, aut prsetores aut consules. Accepit prcetextam etiam
quum sacra faceret, sed loco Pontificis Maximi, non Impera-
toris. — (Lamprid. Alex. Sev. 40.)

Palmatam tunicam et togam pictam, primus Romanorum
privatus suam propriam babuit, cum ante Imperatores etiam de
Capitolio acciperent vel de Palatio. — (Capit. Gord. i. 4.)

Cape igitur tibi pro rebus gestis tuis togam prcetextam,

tunicam palmatam, togam pictam, suharmalem profundum

nam te consulem hodie designo. — (Vopisc. Aur. 13.)

In the above passages it is plainly stated what the
consular robes consisted of.

The following quotations allude to Nos. 4, 5, 6, 8, 9,
11, 12, 13, 14, 15, and 16.

Primus Romanorum holosericd veste usus fertur; quum jam
suhserica {suhsericce ?) in usu essent.^® — (Lamprid. Elagab. 26.)

Vestes sericas ipse raras liabuit ; holosertcas nunquam induit,
suhsericam nunquam donavit. — (Lamprid. Alex. Sev. 40.)

^ Quum darentur tuiiicae suhsericce, linese paragauda

— (Yopisc. Aur. 15.)

^^ This can only apply to its adoption for men, as mention is

ON THE IMPERIAL CONSULAR ^*^ DRESS." 235

Albam suhsericam unam Interulas, puras duas ;

latum clavum quern refundat, unum. — (Treb. Poll. Claud. 14.)

Albam suhsericam^ paragaudem triuncem unum. — (Treb.
Poll. Claud. 17.)

Literulas dilores duas. — (Vopisc. Bonosus.)

Interulas paragaudas duas. — (Vopisc. Prob. 4.)

See passage already quoted. — (Vopisc. Aur. 15, p. 234, note.)

Vcstem holosericam neque ipse in vestiario suo habuit, nequo
alteri utendam dedit.^^ — (Vopisc. Aur. 45.)

Paragaudas vestes ipse primus militibus dedit et quidem

aliis monolores, aliis dilores, trilores, aliis usque ad pentelores^
quales hodie linese sunt. — (Vopisc. Aur. 46.)

Holosericam vestem viris omnibus interdixit. — (Vopisc.
Tac. 10.)

Grsecis artificibus donata et vestis serica. — Y Vopisc.

Carin. 19.)

It seems rather doubtful what the lor a were ; one would
be inclined to see an allusion to the garment lorum in the
following sentence, " Vestis subtegmine serico aureis filis
insignior;"*^ yet that the lor a were rather stripes than
mere threads woven in, seems more probable. The word
lora, of which monolores, dilores, &c., are compounds, has
been suggested to signify trimmings, and to be the same
as paragaudcB or segmenta, the latter of which words
occurs in JuvenaP^ and Ovid.^* Whatever the word

made by Varro, in Nonius, of a holoserica stola mnlierum. —
(Varro Fragmenta, 8vo. Dordrecht, 1619, p. 93.) Lampridius
also mentions that Elagabalus had prepared a rope made of
purple, silk, and scarlet, with which, if it was necessary, he
might hang himself! (c 33.) What a pity he did not I

*i At the time of Aurelian a pound of gold was the price of
a pound of silk. — (Libra enim auri tunc libra serici fuit. I, c.)

»2 Capit. Pert. viii.

^^ Segmenta, et longos habitus. — (Lib. i. Sat. ii.)

^* Quid de veste loquar ? nee vos, segmenta requiro ;
Nee qujB bis Tyrio murice lana rubes.

(De Arte Amandi, iii. 169.)

236 NUMISMATIC CUHONICLE.

lorum may mean, I think there can be no doubt that^

later, it was used to express a whole consular robe ; i. e., a

scarf, worn over the other consular robes.

And now to see if we can find any traces on the coins

of the dresses above alluded to. The first appearance of

a robe diflPering from the ordinarily worn patudamentum

may be found represented on a coin of Augustus, without

his head. It may be thus described : —

Ohv.—^ . P . Q . R . PAREN[T.] CONS . SVO. (Senatus
Populusque Romanus Parenti Conservatori (?)
sue.) On the left, the Roman eagle; in the
middle, the tunica palmafa, ov€|r which is the
toga pic fa, and, on the right side, a wreath.

i?ci;.— CAESARI . AVGVSTO. Quadriga, to right, on
the top of which are four horses. M, (PL xi.
No. 1.)

Eckhel has suggested the word CONSERVATOEI,
but why should not CONS, represent CONSVLI? In
B.C. 2, not only was Augustus made Pater PatruBy but he
entered also on his thirteenth consulship (Suet. Aug. c. 26).
The ornamenta here, though triumphal, are equally appli-
cable to the consular office, as the crown and sceptre were
granted to the consuls when they triumphed. No mention,
indeed, is made of a triumph in b.c. 2; but new honours
were continually given to Augustus, and it is likely that a
coin would be struck when he was made Pater PatruB,
bearing the titles of Parens and Consul, commemorating
the two events of the year b. c. 2, and at the same time
recalling his threefold triumph in b. c. 29.

The toga picta seems to have been the same as the toffa
purpurea, and was, as I have before remarked, generally,
if not always, worn at triumphs.^* Representations of

^^ Livy evidently uses foga picta and toga purpurea quite
promiscuously.— (See lib. x. 7, xxx. 16, xxxi. 11.) Dionysiua
Halicarnassus (lib. iii.) — x^'''*^^^ '"^ irop<^vpovv xpvoo^/ioi'i cat

OV THE IMPERTAL CONSULAR " DRESS/^ 237

the emperors in a triumphal quadriga, probably Trearing
the dress, may be found on several of their coins.^* The
first time that we find a difference in the treatment of
the bust is (as far as I am aware) under Gordianus Pius
(Cohen, No. 192). Here is represented the tunica pal-
mata, and, above it, the toga pr<Btexta. These dresses
may also be seen on the bronze medallions of Treb.
Gallus (Cohen, 80), Volusianus (Cohen, 85), and other
emperors. Some of the emperors are represented togati
on the reverses of their respective coins down to the
reigns of Diocletianus and Maximianus, on whose coins
the word CONSVL appears on the reverse. On a coin
of Maximinus II. (Daza) we first notice in the represen-
tation of the emperor on the reverse an addition to the
usual toga. It is in the shape of an ornamental border
over the left shoulder, which probably represents the toga
prcRtexta. This is farther increased on a coin of Con-
stantine the Great with the legend CONSVL. P.P.
PROCONSVL., engraved at PI. xi. No. 6. Here we
have a representation something similar to that on the
diptych of Flavins Felix (which I will mention presently),
viz., the under tunic, or subarmalis profundus, the tunica
palmata, and the trabea (or togaprcetexta), which is after-
wards the lorum.

It seems to me that the representation of the bust on
coins of the Lower Empire may be divided into three
classes : — 1, Ordinary, or civil ; 2, Military ; 3, Consular.
First, the usual honours of the Augusti — the laurel
wreath, the dididem, paludamentum, cuirass, and spear, &c.;

TTfpipoXaiov 7ropil>vpovy ttoikIXov — the turnca purpurea and toga
purpurea picta,

1** See Germanicufl (Cohen, No. 5); Titus (Cohen, No. 237);
and others.

238 NUMISMATIC CHROxNICLE.

second, the helmet,^' shield, cuirass, speax, globe — on
which is sometimes a Victory — &c. ; and third, the laurel
wreath, the diadem, the tunica palmata, the lorumy cui-
rass,^^ mappa,^^ globe — on which is sometimes a Victory
— and staff, on which an eagle.

As an example of this I may quote three aurei of the
Emperor Probus, representing him in Ordinary, Mili-
tary, and Consular dress, which are engraved at PL xi.
Nos. 2, 3, 4.

On the famous gold medallion of Constantine the Great
there is an excellent illustration of our subject; it may be
described as follows : —

Ohv.—J) . N . CONSTA NTIN VS . MAX . A VG. Bust of
the emperor, to right, laureate, showing half the
body, which is clothed in the suharmalts pro-
fundus (uiider-tnnic), over which is the tunica
palmata. above all is the lorumj both hands are
represented, the right holding sceptre, on which
is an eagle, and the left holding a globe.

Rev. — SENATVS. The emperor, laureate, standing, to
left, wearing the toga, which is edged with an
ornamented band, holding in right hand a globe,
and in left a sceptre. Bound his waist is an
embroidered belt. In exergue, S . M . TS. (Sig-
nata Moneta Thessalonica.) J^, (PI. xi. No. 5.)

The best idea of what the consular dress really was,
can be formed from what we find represented on the
diptychs, which extend frona a.d. 428 to a.d. 541.

1^ The helmet occurs for the first tinje oil the coins of
Gallienus.

18 In the 3rd number of the Numismatic Chkoniclb, N.S.,
vol. i. p. 161, there is a denarius of Carausius engraved, repre-
senting the lorum over the cuirass.

1^ The mappa was a napkin thrown into the circus by the
person presiding, for the games to commence. — (See Suet.
Nero, 82 ; Mart., Ep. xii., xxix. 9.) The Circensian games are
called by Juvenal, spectacula mappoi, — (Sat. xi. liK).)

ON THE IMPERIAL CONSULAR ^' DRESS.'' 239

Amongst the more important, I may mention the four
following : —

1. Diptych of Flavins Felix, consul in the West,
Flavius Taurus holding the same office in the East, in
A.D. 428, the third year of the Emperor Valentinianus III.,
Theodosius II. being emperor in the East.

2. That of Boethius, consul in the East, without a
colleague, in a.d. 487, the Western Empire having been
destroyed four years before by Odoacer.

3. That of Anastasius, grand-nephew of the Emperor
Anastasius, consul in a.d. 517.

4. That of PhUoxenes, consul in the reign of Justinus,
A.D. 525.20

On these we can clearly distinguish three distinct
dresses: — 1. A tunic without any ornaments {subarmalis
profundus), 2. A tunic richly embroidered [tunica palmat a).
3. A robe cast over the tunic. The question now is,
what is this third robe? That seen on the diptych of
Boethius represents more exactly the ancient trabea, or
toga pratexta ; the trabea on the diptych of Flavius Felix
is nearly reduced to what is afterwards the lorum, though
not forming the usual shape of Y; whilst the dress of
Anastasius shows us the trabea, or toga prceteocta, actually
reduced to the lorum, and in the exact form of Y. From
this it would seem that the clavus latus, gradually getting
larger and larger, at last formed a dress of itself, which
dress was the lorum. ^^

I may remark that the lorum on the coin of Constantine

20 For fuller particulars concerning the diptychs, I refer my
readers to "An Essay on Antique Ivories," by F. Pulszky,
Liverpool, 1856.

^' The similarity of the pontifical dress of the Popes is pro-
bably traditional from the imperial times.

240 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

the Great, described above, is quite different in arrange-
ment to that represented on the diptychs; instead of it
"coming under the right arm, then crossing the chest
and left shoulder, round over the right shoulder, and
beneath the fold across the chest," it comes '*' above the
fold across the chest," seeming, as it were, joined to the
embroidered robe, so that the hand of the emperor comes
out from under it.

Having now mentioned the various dresses, and various
manners in which they are employed, there is left to
determine which of all these embroidered robes was the
most important. This I cannot do, from the absence
of authorities.^^ At any rate, from the various questions I
have considered in this paper, I think some results can be
drawn, and that I shall not be wrong in saying that the
following were the consular dresses of the Lower Empire : —

1 . Subarmalis profundus (under tunic, not embroidered) .

2. Tunica palmata (embroidered tunic).

3. Lorum (first the trabea, the toga prmtexta, or the
clavus latv^.)

My object has been to show my reasons for disagreeing
with the description of M. Cohen in the case of the me-
dallions of Gordianus Pius, Treb. Gallus, and Yolusianus,
their busts being described by him as '^ avec paludament,"
or " paludament richement ome."

The subject might be much enlarged, but I have here
merely treated it numismatically.

Fred. W. Madden.

^ 22 < J pinge vastus humeros vario colore palmatce, <fec. — (Cas-
siodor. Yariar. lib. vi.) Unfortunately, he does not say whether
it is the toga or tunica, or what, that is embroidered. Gassio-
dorus was *' comes rerum privatarum'* and ''sacraram largi-
tionum " under Odoacer, who was King of Italy from a.d. 476
to 493.

^mLQ.hfoihN. S Voll FiJJ

JUUHuscdd-et

COINS ILLUSTRATIVE OF THE IMPERIAL DRESS

241

XXXVJ.

NOTICE OF THREE CHINESE SILVER MEDALS.

[Read before the Numismatic Society, Nov. 20, 1856.]

During the recess, the three Chinese Medals in silver
which I now exhibit have come into my hands, having
been lent me by a gentleman who has a large and ex-
tremely curious collection of Chinese coins, which may
possibly ere long be oflFered for public sale. Similai*
pieces to two of them were also brought me by another
gentleman. These last were very inferior in condition,
and much disfigured by countermarks and deep indenta-
tions, made in them apparently for the purpose of ascer-
taining whether they were of silver throughout, as very
many dollars have been fabricated for circulation in the
East, which are formed of copper with a thick plating of
silver.

The last-mentioned specimens were evidently struck oh
Spanish dollars, as the ornamental edge was untouched.
I am unable to lay them before you, as they were returned
as soon as I had examined them.

The first of the medals (PI. xii. No. 1) has simply in-
scriptions on both sides. That on the obverse is —

^ Tsuh
,^ Wan
% Tung
tT Hing
The first word, " Tsuh,^' gives ideas of sufficiency or

VOL. I. N.S. I 1

242 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

competency. Tlie second word, "Wan/^ although its
general meaning is ^' fine silk/' relates also to silver ; and
the phrase '-' Tsuh wan " is used to imply that the silver
is as pure as the standard requires. The third word,
'^Tung/' means precious, universal, and is applied to
the currency in general. The fourth word ^^ Hing,'*
gives ideas of action or doing a thing. Read '' Hang,''
or as it is frequently pronounced, ^^ Hong,*' it is used for
a mercantile house or factory. From this I infer that
the inscription implies, " Standard silver for mercantile
purposes."

The reverse has —

Chang

tH Chow
^ Keun

^1^ Heang
The word ^* Chow " is applied to certain districts in the
various provinces of China. It answers in some measure
to our words Hundred or Tything, which are employed in
the same maimer. It is also applied to cities and towns.
Thus, then, ^^ Chang Chow " signifies the district, city, or
town of Chang. '^ Keun," the third word, is applied to
military affairs, and also means an army. "Heang"
means ^^food," ''provisions," and also money raised for
tlie support of the army. Prom this I infer that pieces of
this description have been struck as money for the army ;
and in this particular instance, for the use of the troops of
the district or city of Chang Chow, which, upon reference
to an original map of China, I find to be situated in the
province of Tahkun, the neighbouring province to that in
which Canton is situated. In corroboration of this sup-
position I may mention that a similar piece, one of those
to which I have before alluded, was stamped with various

NOTICE OP THREE SILVER CHINESE MEDALS. 243

countermarks, one of which was ^^ HeS/^ the designation
of the military oflScer of a district. The word ^^ Ho'' also ap-
peared as a countermark, and was very frequently repeated.
This word means to agree, to suit, harmonise with. Some
of its compounds are rendered ^^ to answer the purpose
completely.'' It may therefore have been used to imply
that this piece would fully answer the purpose for which
it was intended.

The second of these medals (PI. xii. No. 2) presents, on
that which I shall call the obverse, a magnificent dragon,
holding clouds in his talons. Beneath is -I- H Shih-woo,
the number 15. On the reverse the Sun appears in the
centre, with the four following characters —

^B Ming
"oq Ming
(S Tung
"^ Paou

The first of these words, ^^ Ming," is composed of the
characters signifying the sun and the moon, and signifies
''bright," ''glorious." The second "Ming" implies
fate, destiny, lot, and the like. Together, they form the
appellation of the monarch striking the money. The
remaining words, " Tung Paou," are the usual designation
of money on Chinese coins. I am informed that this is a
coin of Annan, where I presume it is current. Coins of
this description, however, appear to be common in China,
where, although forming no part of the authorised cur-
rency, they are frequently given as reward medals to
children in schools. Another specimen which came
under my observation was full of countermarks, and as
it was much worn, it had possibly been in circulation
rather as bullion than as a recognised coin. With

244 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

respect to Chinese countermarks, I may mention that I
have been informed that a gentleman had a Spanisli dollar
so ftdl of them that scarcely any trace of the original
devices could be made out. They were accounted for by
supposing that each person through whose hands this
dollar had passed had stamped his peculiar mark upon it.
I have, however, been unable to ascertain whether this is
a general custom in China or not.

The third piece (PL xii. No. 3) presents us, on the
obverse, with the half-length figure of an old man with
a long beard, holding a staflp in one hand. This repre-
sents the god of riches. There are three inscriptions, one
on each side of this figure, and one in two lines in front.
One of these is —

^ Tseen
•^ Fling
^ Shing
>^ Chae

the name of this divinity. The opposite one is —

Sf: Tsuh
s Cliuen
X Wan
f^ Yin
^7T Ping

relating to the value of the piece as of fine or standard
silver ; and the lower inscription is —

^ Koo
T Hoo
^ Pel
^ Urh

relating to its weight ; but I have not been able to make

IM^

^u^

C H i N E S E M E D A 1, S .

NOTICE OF THREE SILVER CHINESE MEDALS. 245

these inscriptions out satisfactorily, so as to give them
in English denominations. The characters in which they
are written approach to the form termed '^ seal letters/'
which adds considerably to the difficulty of reading
them.

On the reverse is a kind of tripod, or vessel on three
feet, with inscriptions in the Mongolian character, which
I have been informed imply the name of the Mongolian
chief Jin Sung. There are also countermarks, but I have
not been able to make them out satisfactorily.

With respect to the values or Chinese designations of
these pieces I have hitherto been unable to procure any
information. Two of them appear to be coins of States
bordering upon China; and, as those I have seen were
procured either in Canton or the immediate neighbour-
hood, and were said to be not uncommon, they may pos-
sibly circulate as bullion among the Chinese. Those now
before you appear to have been struck on blanks, in the
usual manner. Those of the other lot I have mentioned,
were, as I before stated, evidently altered Spanish dollars.

John Williams.

NOTICE OF THREE SILVER CHINESE MEDALS. 245

these inscriptions out satisfactorily, so as to give them
in English denominations. The characters in which they
are written approach to the form termed '^ seal letters,"
which adds considerably to the difficulty of reading
them.

With respect to the values or Chinese designations of
these pieces I have hitherto been unable to procure any
information. Two of them appear to be coins of States
bordering upon China; and, as those I have seen were
procured either in Canton or the immediate neighbour-
hood, and were said to be not uncommon^ they may pos-
sibly circulate as bullion among the Chinese. Those now
before you appear to have been struck on blanks, in the
usual manner. Those of the other lot I have mentioned,
were, as I before stated, evidently altered Spanish dollars.

John Williams.

246

MISCELLANEA.

Finds of Coins.

A small hoard of silver coins of Edward VI., Philip and
Mary, Elizabeth, and James I. was recently discovered at
Barrow, in Leicestershire. The numbers and denominations
are as follows : —

Edward VL

Shillings, full face. Tun M.M 2

Philip and Mary,

Shilling, usual type, 1554 1

EUzaheih.
Shillings (hammered) ; —

Sixpences (hammered):

Martlet

M.M.

Cross crosslet „

Bell

»•

Escallop

»»

Tun

Woolpack

»f

Key

„

»♦

1
— 19

Pheon

M.M. ]

561.

Lion

„ 1

1566.

Coronet

„ 1

L667.

„ 1

[669.

Cinquefoil

„ J

1674.

Uncertain

„ ]

L574.

Cross

„ 1

[674.

,, 1

[680.

Escallop

.. 1

686.

Hand

„ 1

[591 .

Tun

„ ]

[693.

1
— 18
— 37

James I,
Half-crown, 2nd coinage. Quae Dens, &o.
TrefoU M,M. .

Carried forward . 1-40

MISCELLANEA.

247

Shillings, Ist coinage.

Brought forward
Exurgat, &c.

Thistle M.M. .

Lis „ .

Shillings, 2nd coinage.

Quae DeuB,

Thistle

Lis

Rose

Grapes

Coronet

Bell

Uncertain

Sixpences, 2rid coinage : — Lis
Eose

MM.

1-40

1
— 3

1
2
1
1
3
1
2
— 11
1
1

2
— 17

Total coins . . 57

The whole were in bad preservation, the half-crown being,
however, somewhat better than the rest. The sixpence of Eliza-
beth, with cross, MM., and date 1574, is not in the list of Snelling
or Hawkins.

J. B. Bergne.

The following is a list of coins found at Idsworth, near Horn-
dean, Hants : —

Elizabeth.
James L

Charles I.

Shillings
Sixpences
Shillings, English

„ Irish

Sixpences
Half-crowns, English
„ Scotch

Shillings
Sixpences

18
43
14

8
73

1
73

240

The half-cro^vns of Charles I. ate all of the ordinary type,
with the oval shield. The shillin^^s are also of ordinary types,
chiefly with the square-topped shield, excepting one struck at
Exeter, dated on reverse, 1644.

A. W. Franks.
February, 21, 1861

248

NOTICE OF RECENT NUMISMATIC PUBLICATIONS.

Celtic Inscriptions on Gaulish and British Coins, bt
Bealb Poste. J. Russell Smith, 1861, pp. 180, and
11 plates.

We have here another volume upon the Ancient British
Coinage, by the indefatigable author of " The Coins of Cuno-
beline and of the Ancient Britons," published in 1863. It
may, however, be said to be alter et idem, as the present work
contains many of the same speculations, and precisely the same
illustrations as those in the former volume.

Still, it must be confessed that there are some points of
novelty about it, and one of these is a glossary of Celtic words,
found, or supposed to be found, on Gaulish and British coins,
which contains much curious matter, and displays a considerable
amount of varied reading and much etymological ingenuity,
in some cases exercised with surprising boldness. The main
object of the work seems to be to prove that the names and
inscriptions on British coins are all merely titular. And,
indeed, there is no doubt that the Celtic proper names, tho
same as those of all other nations, had originally some inherent
meaning, and in some cases were derived from the personal
attributes of those who bore them, or were even possibly, to a
certain extent, titular or significant of diflferent public functions
— like the originals of many of our English surnames. But it
by no means follows that these meanings can now be traced,
nor that because any given name had originally some signifi-
cance when applied to a person, the same of necessity held good
in all subsequent cases w^here the name was used. It is not
every Abraham who has been the father of a multitude, nor has
every Philip been attached to horses, nor every Robert been "
famous in council. Still less is it likely that the same prince
would apppear under a multitude of different names upon his
coins as suggested by Mr. Poste; and when we inform our
readers on his authority, that " Caractacus had eight distinct
and different names, as it appears from history, inscriptions,
coins, chronicles, and triads" — (among which the supposed
K lOR ATIK and CE AR ATIC are included )--that Togodonmus
had three (^one of which was DVBNOVELLAVNOS), and
Adniinius had four (among which were AMMINVS and

NOTICE OF RECENT NUMISMATIC PUBLICATIONS. 249

AEDEDOMAROS); we think that we have said enough on
this head.

It is almost needless to enter into the question of the attri-
bution of the various classes of British coins as propounded in
this book, as they are much the same as those which have
already been advocated by Mr. Poste in his former volume, and
also in his communications to the Numismatic Chronicle — but
one of his recent discoveries may be taken as a specimen.

It is that Cunobeline honoured Huiccum, the capital city of
the 1 luiccii, by striking coins with their name — the tribe of
the Huiccii being, as Mr. Poste naively remarks, only men-
tioned by Bede and the later chroniclers, and not by Ptolemy
and Antoninus. We have, therefore, not only a new mint, but
a new tribe, restored by numismatic evidence as interpreted by
Mr. Poste. Luckily, we have the means of judging of the
value of this interpretation. The whole theory rests on a small
gold coin of Cunobeline, engraved by Vq^^q^ with the legend
AM .CV, or possibly CAM — CVN, on the obverse, instead of
the ordinary CAMV, which is read as WICV by Mr. Poste,
and all this superstructure built upon it.

There is one other question raised in the present work, which
it will be well to notice ; it is as to the forgery of ancient
British coins. There is unfortunately but too good reason for
caution in accepting some types as genuine, but we cannot in
any way understand why the beautiful little coin in the British
Museum, inscribed ANDO (Num. Chron., vol. xv. p. 80, No. 2)
should be placed among those of doubtful authority, as it is
beyond all question authentic. Why, too, should the gold coin
of Epaticcus (Num. Chron., vol. xx. p. 1) have doubts cast upon
it, unless it be because it cannot be made to read CEARATIC,
so as to refer it to Caractacus ? But though Mr. Poste seems
to be thus fastidious as to the coins which he thinks worthy to
be admitted among the British series, we must confess our
surprise at finding the indisputably false coins with the legend
VER BOD TAJSCI, or, as he prefers to read it, VREIS BOD
T A SCI A, not only treated as genuine, but forming the prin-
cipal basis for hypotheses opposed to nearly all previous writers.
That the authenticity of these coins was by no means above
suspicion, was pointed out in the Num. Chron., vol. xx. p. 175,
but this is entirely ignored in the present work. There is now
no doubt whatever of their having been fabricated at or near
the place of their pretended discovery in Suffolk. We need not
enter into the circumstances under which this successful forgery
was perpetrated. Its success induces us to express a hope that
the future theories of any writer on British coins may rest on
a surer foundation.

VOL. I. N.S. K K

^riO NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE. '

UeBKR DIB 80-GENANNTBN ReGEN-BOGKN-SohUsSELCHEN.

Erste Abthkilung, von Franz Streber. Munich, J 860,
Pp. 112. and 9 plates.

This treatise upon the curious ancient gold coinage of Southern
Germany is reprinted from the ** Transactions of the Royal
Bavarian Academy of Sciences," and will be read with interest
by all students of the early Gaulish and British coins. The
name Regen-hoffen-Schiisselchen " Rainbow-dishes/* {PateUce
Iridis), applied to these ancient German coins, originates in the
popular tradition current in so many countries that a hoard of
treasure or a crock of gold may be found if dug for at the exact
spot where a rainbow touches the earth. Indeed, so firm was
the belief that this was the case, or that the coins themselves
had actually fallen from heaven, that in the earlier works which
treat of these coins, pains are taken to prove that the Regen-
bogen or Himmel-fSchusselchen are not of heavenly but of earthly
orii^^in.

The bow -like figure which moat of them bear on their con-
cave side, may also have been supposed to prove their connec-
tion with the rainbow ; while their peculiarly dished shape fully
justifies their name of Schiisselchen^ and shows their capability
of receiving and retaining celestial influences. Coins of this
class have been preserved as " lucky " for many years, and have
gone down as heir-looms in peasants* families from generation
to generation ; but their special value was for medicinal purposes
when used as an ingredient in draughts for fevers, by simply
placing them in the cup.^

The immediate subject of the work now before us is a find of
upwards of a thousand gold coins which lately took place in the
neighbourhood of Ingolstadt, a town on the Danube, a little
above Ratisbon. A detailed account is, however, given of
numerous other discoveries which have been made, principally
to the south of the Upper Danube, between the Lake of Con-
stance and the River I nn, but also in the tract of country between
the Danube, the Rhine, and the Maine, and occasionally in
Bohemia. Unfortunately none of the finds appear to have com-
prised any Greek or Roman coins, by which a definite age
could be assigned for their deposit. M. Streber is inclined to
regard them as having been struck by the Vindelici to the south of
the Danube, and by Keltic tribes to the north ; but would ascribe
them to the fourth, or even, in some cases, to the fifth century
B.C.— a degree of antiquity which we cannot by any means con-

1 The gold coins of Akber the Great are still so used by the
natives of the Panjab.

NOTICE OP RECENT NUMISMATIC PUBLICATIONS. 251

cede to them without further proof. We can hardly believe
that any coinage originated in this highly dished form and with
these barbarous devices ; and if the coinage were derived from
some civilised source, its antiquity cannot be nearly so great as
Dr. Streber supposes. ^

The engravings of the coins are remarkably well executed.
They are divided into seven groups, each containing numerous
varieties, the total number of coins engraved being 116. The
devices of the obverse include serpents, heads of birds, wreaths,
lyres, triquetrse, and occasionally heads in profile, very much
like those on some of the Gaulish series. The reverse has
usually the semicircular tore (?) upon it, with from three to six
large pellets arranged within it. Their general resemblance in
character to some of the more barbarous of the Gaulish and
British coins is such, that German Megen-hogm-Schusselchen
have been engraved in works professing to treat of the first-
mentioned coinage only. Examples of this will be found in
** Lambert," pi. i. 26, and pi. xi. bis. 1 ; in ** Lelewel," pi. iii. 34;
the Numismatic Journal, vol. i. pi. i. 3, and ** Ruding," pi. a.
No. 76 ; but those who wish to become thoroughly acquainted
with this class of coins must study Dr. Streber's work.

The fifth number (September and October) of the Revue
Numumatique contains the following articles : —

" On the Coins of the Salassi," by M. A. de Longp^rier. The
tribe of the Salassi, mentioned by Livy, Appian, Strabo, and
others, occupied the long valley extending from the Great St.
Bernard to Ivrea, and comprising within it the ancient city of
Aosta (Augusta Praetoria). From time to time a few gold
coins have been found in this district, bearing on their obverse
trellised triangles and symbols, which have been variously inter-
preted, and on their reverse inscriptions in characters allied to
the Ktruscan. These inscriptions have by some been regarded
as Punic or Celtiberian, and led to the conclusion that these
were Carthaginian or Spanish coins, relics of Hannibal's pas-
sage of the Alps. M. de Longp^rier shows them, however, to
have been in all probability struck by the Salassi, whose country
was once noted for its abundance in gold, and whose gold-

I M. de Longperier's remarks with regard to the coins of the
Sa assi are worth quoting here. " Les pieces d'or dont nous
nous sommes occupy ici appartiennent, comme les monnaies d'or
de la Germanic, de la Grande Bretagne et des Gaules, au
systeme Grec. On ne pourrait faire de querelle qu'a celui qui
pretendrait que les medailles d'or des Salasses sont ant^rieures
aux Btateres de Philippe de Macedoine."

252 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.

washing operations frequently led to wars with the neighbouring
tribes. It has been asserted that similar coins have been found
in England and elsewhere; but to this we can give, as M. do
Longperier does on the part of Lusatia and Poland, an un-
qualified denial. It is to be hoped that future discoveries may
throw some light on the derivation of the type and the meaning
of the legends, which are at present in the highest degree
enigmatical.

2. " Description of some Merovingian coins of Limousin,"
by ]\I. Max. Deloche (ninth article).

3. "On the regal U aureus of St. Louis," by M. A. de Long-
perier. We may recognise in the name of this nearly unique
coin the original of our own ** gold rial."

4. " On the coins of the Counts of Tonnerre," by M. A. de
Barthelemy.

5. " Jettons commemorating the Siege of Arras by the French
in 1640," by iNI. J. Rouyer.

In the correspondence is a letter from M. de Saulcy, " On
a discovery of twelfth-century coins," and an answer from
M. Robert.

The following articles are in the 3rd livraison of the Revae
Numismatique Beige : —

1. " On a denier of Charles le Chauve, struck at Famars," by
M. R. Chalon.

2. "Numismatic souvenirs of the Crusades," by J. M. Dirks.

3. " On the famous ecu of Mayence, 1438," by M. H. Helbig.

4. " On a Jetton on which is represented an eye-glass," by
M. E. Vanderstraeten.

5. " Sur un Merau inedit de laiton," by M. le B**"- Ohaudruc
de Crazannes.

6. ** On a Mexican medal of Ferdinand YIL," by M. R.
Chalon.

7. " Documents pour servir a Thistoire des monnaies," by
M. de la Fons-Meliocq.

In the Melanges are reviews of new numismatic publica-
tions, &c.

INDEX.

Abdera, coin of, 106

Alexander the Great, coins struck by his

generals, 137
Alexandrian coins, 224
' ANANE02IS, remarks onthelegead, 47,

228
Anglo- Gallic coins, unpublished English

and, 17
Anglo- Hanoverian copper coinage, 144
Anglo Saxon Coins: —

Alfred, large coin of, 66

Coeuwlf, 19

Kudgar, 20

Edward the Elder, coin of, 67

Eric, 20

Ethelstan, King of East Anglia, 85

Harold 11., 20

St. Eadmuud, 20
Anglo- Sdiou ornaments found with looped

coins iu Kent, 58
Autedrigus, coins of, 4
Antoninus, coins of, 99
Augustus, coins of, 91
Azes, double-struck coins of, 72

B.
Bactrian coins, 72
Bactrian King, Azes, doable-struck coins

of, 72
Barrow, coins found at, 246
Baylfy, E. C, Esq., H.E.I.C.S. :—
Observations on some double -struck

coins of the Bactrian King, Axes or

Azas, 72
Bekgnk, J. B., Esq., F.S.A. :—

On a hoard of coins discovered at

Houuslow, 140
British coins found near Frome, 1
British coins found with Komuu, 8, 79,

133
British coins found at Lightcliffe, near

Halifax, 79
British coins, Poste's inscriptions on, 248
Bronze coinage, modern art and the new,

38
Bronze coId age, proclamation relating to, 26

Brunswick, coins of, 1 59
Burgundian coins found at Houuslow, 140
Byzantine coins, 42, 58, 228
Byzantine numismatic art, 211

Caracalla, coins of, ] 00
Carausius, silver coins of, 86, 161 ; legion-
ary coin of, 163
Caria, coins of, 218
CArri, coin inscribed, 4
Celtic inscriptions on Gaulish and British

coins, by Beale Poste, 248
Charles L, unpublished coins of, 27 ; half-
crowns of, with ** W,*' 185
Chinese meduls, 241

Christmas, Rev. H., F.R.S., M.R.SL.,
F.S.A.:—
Unpublished English and Anglo- Gallic

coins, 17
On the Anglo . HanoFerian copper
coinage, 144
Claudius, coins of, 92
Clotaire II., coin of, 58
Coinage, statistics of, 63, 198
Coins, tinds of: —
Abingdon, 161
Barrow, 246
Cyprus, 42
Gold borough, 65
Houuslow, 140
idswortb, near Horndean, 24
Lightcliffe, near Halifax, 79
Newry, 204
Nunney, near Frome, 1
Sarre, 68
Scotland, 56
Verulam, 36
Yorkshire, 206
Commonwealth, unpublished coins of, 28
" CuMOB " and " Conub," remarks on, 175
Constans II. and his sons, coins of, 42
Constant ine the Great, medallion of, 288
Constantiue Pogonatus, coins of, 52
Contomiates, M. Sabatier's description o%

192
Cretan coins, 168

254

INDEX.

Ciific coins, 67

Cyprus, coins of Coiistaas II. aad his sons

found at, 42, 228.
Cyrenaica, coin of the, 201

D.
Delphi, coin of, 108
Domitian, coin of, 95
Domna, coiu of, 100
Dress, imperial consular, 281 '

DlfMOCK, THE LATE ReV. T. F. : —

On the half-crowns of Charles I. with j
the "W" under the horse oa the |
field of the obv., 185 |

E, !

KJward I., York halfpenny, 21
Kdward III., Anglo-Gallic coins of, 29
Edward IV., unpublislied coins of, 21 ; |

coins found at Ilounslow, 140
E J ward VI., unpnbliohed coins of, 24
Ezyptiau coins, 224 |

E'is, coin of, 107
Elizabeth, unpublished coins of, 26;

pattern for a half-crown of, 189 :

EN t5tO NIK a on coins, 228
English coins, unpublished, 17
Evans, John, Esq., F.S.A.: —

Au account of a hoard of ancient British ,
coins discovered in the neighbourhood j
of Fro me, 1
SQver coins of Carausins, 36
Au account of British gold and Roman
silver coins found at Lit^htciiffe, near
Halifax, in the year 1827, 79
On au Euglish jetton, or pattern -piece,

109
Unpublished coin of Carausius, 116
On a legionary coin of Carausius, 163
Evans, Sebastian, M.A. : —

Modern art aud the new bronze coinage,
38 I

.^- • i

Faustina Senior, coin of, 99

Foreign and English sterlings found in j

Scotland, 56
Friedlaendee, Dr. Julius: —

A coin of Helike, 216
Frome, ancient British coins found in the

neighbourhood of, 1, 133

Gdllienus, coins of the family of, 194
(•aulish coins, Poste's inscriptions on, 248
(ieorge I., Hanoverian coins of, 146
George II., Hanoverian coins of, 148
George III., Hanoverian coins of, 150

George IV., Hdooveriau coius of, 156
Goldboroiigh, Yorkshire, coind found at, 63
Gortyna, coin of, 174
Greek coins, some remarkable ones lately

acquired by the British Museum, 104
Greek unpublished coius, 218
Grey, Lady Jane, 111

H.
Hadrian, coins of, 96 ; medallion of, 97
Hanover, copper coiuage of, 144
Helike, coin of, 216
Henry I., unpublished penny, 20
Henry II. or III., short- cross pennies of,

204, 206.
Henry IV., V., aud VI., unpublished coius

of, 21
Henry V. or VI., coins found at Hoanslow,

140
Henry VII., unpublished coins of, 23 ;

coius found at Honnslow, 143
Heraclius, coius of, 52, 58
Hildebrand, Swedish medals, 130
Houuslow, coins found at, 140

Idsworth, coins found at, 247
Imperial consular dress, 231

J.
James I., unpublished coius of, 26
Jetton, Euglish, 109
Jettou of Ferkin Warbeck, 82

Lancaster, coius of Henry Duke of, 28

Legionary coiu of Carausius, 163

Looped coins found with Anglo-Saxou

ornaments in Kent, 58
Lycia, coins of, 21 9
Lydia, coins of, 222

M.
Macedonian coius, 104
Macrinus, coin of, 103
Madden's Handbook to Roman Numis-
matics, 128
Madden, Fred. W. Esq, M.R.S.L.:^
On au unpublished variety of the coins
of Ethelstan, King of East Auglia^ 85
The three Valentinians, 112
On the coins of Theodosios I. and II .,
with some remarks on the mint-marks
" Comob '* aud ** Conob," and on the
coius of Placidia, the wife of Cou-
stautius (Patricius), 175
On the imperial consular dreta, 231
M alius, unpublishtd coiu of, 87^

I NDEX.

255

Mary, y)enTiy, 25
Mauricius Tiberius, coins of, 58
Medals, Chinese, 241 ; Swedish, 130.
iMints, Roman, 126

N.
Nero, coins of, 92
Nerva, coins of, 95

Nunney, near Frome, British coins found
near, 1. 133

P.
Pamphylia, coins of, 220
Pat tern piece, 109
Philippu8 V. of Macedon, 105
Fhry^ia, coins of, 222
Pisitlia, coins of, 221
Placidia, coins of, 175
Pol\ I rhenium, coin of, 174
Poole Reginald Stuakt, Esq., M.R.S.L.
On a coin of Mallus, in Cilicia, 87
On a copper coin of the class struck
after the death of Alexander the Great
by his generals before they assumed
re^al titles, 137
On two Cretan coins in the British

Museum, 3 68
On a coin from the Cyrenaica, &c., 201
Poste's Gaulish and British coins, 248 I

POWNALL, THE ReV. ASSHKTON, M.A : — I

Short-cross pennies of Henry II. or !

ill., 206 I

Priaiisus, coin of, 174
ProclHtnation relatiui^ to bronze coinage,

62
Ptolemy VI., coin of, 224

R. !

Megen-bogen-Schusselchen^ 250
Reichahdt, Rev. H. C. ; —

Egyptian and Alexandrian coins, 224
Revue Numi>matiqne, notices of, 60, 131,

193. 251
Revne Nuniismatique Beige, notices of, 60,

132, 197, 252
Rii hard III., coins of, found at Hounslow,

140
RoniHn coins found with British, 8, 79,

133; unpublished, 91; the three

Valentiiiians, 112
Ron. an mints, 126
Roman mint-marks, 175
Pou)an iiumiitHiatics, Handbook to, 128

S.
Sbbaticr's description des n. failles cou-
torniatei>, 192

Saintiiill, R., Esq. : —

Additional varieties of short - cross
pennies, 204.
Salassi, coins of the, 251
Snles of coins, 63, 198, 133
Salts, J. F. W. De, Esq .—

On some looped coins found with Anglo-
Saxon ornaments in Kent, 58
Saloninus, coins of, 194
Sim, Geokge, Esq.:—

English and foreign sterlings found in
Scotland, 36
Streber's Regen-bogen-ScLttdselchen, 250
Suet, coins inscribed, 6
Swedish medals, 130

Theodosius I. and IT., coins of, 175
Tiberius, coins of, 52
Titus, coins of, 93
Trajan, coins of, 95

Vakntinians, the three, 112
Vaux, W. S. W., Esq, M.A., F.S.A.:—
An account of a find of coins in the
parish of Goldborough, Yorkshire, 65
On some remarkable Greek coins lately
acquired by the British Museum, 104
Vep. Corf., coins inscribed, 80
Verus, coins of, 99
Vespasian, coins of, 92

Warbeck, Perkin, Jtlton of, 32
Warren, Hon. J. Leicester, M.A. : —
Jetton of Perkin Warbeck, 32
Oa some coins of Coustans II. and his
sons, discovered in the Island of
Cyprus, 42
Byzantine numismatic art, 211
Notes on the EN tStO NIK A and
ANANEGSIS types, 228
Webster, William, Esq. : —

Unpublished Greek coins, 218
Weymouth, half-crowns attributed to, 185
Whitbourn, R., Esq, F.S.A.:—

On an unique and unpublished pattern
for a half-crown of the last year of
the reign of Queen Elizabeth, 189
William III., unpublished sixpence of, 28
William IV., Hanoverian coins of, 157
" W," half-crowns of Charles I. with, 185
Williams, John, Esq. F.S.A. : —
Notice of three Chinese medals, 241

P'dVTBD BT J«MB8 8. VIRTUK,
riTT BOAD.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NUMISMATIC
SOCIETY.

SESSION 1860—61.

November 22, 1860,
W. S. W. Vaux, Esq., President, in the Chair.

Mr. Madden read a paper ''On some Unpublished Roman
Coins." The paper will be found in the Numismatic Chronicle,
Vol. I. p. 91, N.8.

Mr. Vaux read a paper, " On the Coins of Carthage," in
which he showed that certain coins which have hitherto been
attributed to Panormus, though upon no sufficient grounds,
may, from the character of their workmanship and their Punic
legends, be ascribed with some degree of certainty to Carthage.

December 13, 1860.

W. S. W. Vaux, Esq., President, in the Chair.

The following present was announced, and laid on the
table :—

A Bronze medal from the Royal University of Norway.
Mr. Evans read a paper descriptive of a hoard of British

2 PROCEEDINGS OP THE

coins discovered in the neiglibonrhood of Frome, which will
be found in full, Numismatic Chronicle, Vol. I. p. 1, N.S.

]\rr. Madden read a paper npon the late popular discussion
whether BRIT, or BRITT., as it appears upon the new bronze
coinage, is the correct abbreviated form for the name of her
Majesty's dominions. The paper is printed in the Numismatic
Chronicle, Vol. XX. p. 195.

Mr. Madden also communicated some remarks upon a rare
medallion of Hadrian in the Museum collection, of gem -like
workmanship, and with the figures of Hygeia and apparently
Antinous on the reverse. This paper will be found incorporated
with the " Unpublished Roman Coins,** Numismatic Chronicle,
Vol. I. p. 91, N.S.

January 24, 1861.
W. S. W. Vaux, Esq., President, in the Chair.

William Allen, Esq., of Winchmore Hill, Southgate, was
elected a member of the Society.

Dr. A. Namur, Secretary of the Archaeological Society of
Luxembourg, was elected an honorary member.

A short paper was read, "On Modem Art and the New
Bronze Coinage," communicated by Sebastian Evans, Esq.,
M. A., in which the grave artistic defects of the new issue were
pointed out and commented upon. The paper will be found
in the Numismatic Chronicle, Vol. I. p. 38, N.S.

Mr. C. Roach Smith exhibited casts of some ancient British
coins in gold, found in a field called the Golden Piece, near
Ryarsh, Kent, and now in the possession of the Rev. L. B.
Larking. Mr. Roach Smith remarked that he suspected that
prior discoveries, of the same nature in the same field, gave it
the name of the Golden Piece. The coins are as follows —

NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. Jf

1. Ohv, — Portion of lanreated head, with an approach to a face.

Rev. — Disjointed horse, to the right, with pellets, &c.,
above. (See "OoU. Ant.," Vol. I. PL VI. 5.)
One specimen.

2. 0^.— Plain.

Hev, — Disjointed horse, to the right, with pellet below.
The exergue ornamented with semicircles, each
containing a central dot, and placed" alternately.
Pellets, &c., above the horse. (See " Ending,"
PI. I. 3.) Three specimens.

3. OJv.— Plain.

Eev. — Similar to the last, but of coarser work and wider
spread. See Numismatic Chronicle, Vol. I.
PI. IT. 2. One specimen.

Coins similar to the first have been found near Maidstone
and Elham, in Kent, and the other varieties are of frequent
occurrence through the whole of the southern part of England,
and are found occasionally on the Continent.

The Rev. Professor Henslow exhibited the impression of
a small gold coin of Panormus ( Ohv. Head of Ceres, to left.
Rev. Horse, standing, to right), said to have been found at
Felixstow, Suffolk, where Roman coins and other antiquities
are constantly being found. If, as there appears good reason
to suppose, the coin was really discovered there, it was probably
brought thither by one of the Roman soldiers or colonists, at a
period considerably posterior to that in which it was struck.

Mr. Evans exhibited a drachma of Philip Aridaeus, struck
at Mitylene, in Lesbos, which had been given to him at
Aldborough, Suffolk, and which was stated to have been found
beneath the roots of an oak on its being grubbed up in Ren-
dlesham Park, a few miles from Aldborough. There was little
doubt that it had been found in the manner stated, but how the
coin came into such a position it was impossible to say.

Mr. J. Y. Akerman, exhibited a photograph of a silver coin
of Carausius, found in digging for the railway at Abingdon, and
in the possession of Henry B. Godwin, Esq.

4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

OJp.—IMP. CARAVSIVS. P.F.AVG— Bust, to left,

with sceptre.
i?^.-_CONCORDlA MILITVM— Two right hands

joined, on exergue R.S.R. See Namismatic

Chronicle, Vcl. I. p. 161, N.S.
Mr. Yanx read a short account of four barharous imitations
by Merovingian kings of Byzantine solidi, found with a Saxon
brooch at Sarre, in Kent. This notice, which was communi-
cated by Mr. de Salis, will be found in the Numismatic
Chronicle, Yol. I. p. 58, N.S.

Mr. Bateman communicated an account of the discovery of
some ancient British coins at Light Cliffe, near Halifax, in the
year 1827. They comprised three gold coins of the ordinary
Yorkshire type, with the legends volisios and dvmnocovkros,
and one with the legend vep (retrograde) corf. The remark-
able feature of this find was the discovery in the urn with them
of a large number of Roman family denarii, and a few imperial,
including one of Caligula, thus affording an approximate date for
the deposit. See Numismatic Chronicle, Vol. I. p. 79, N.S.

Mr. Webster exhibited a remarkable silver jetton, having oh
the obverse the full-blown rose of England, surrounded by lions,
&c., and with the legend si devs kobiscvm qvis ooktra nos.
On the reverse are three crowns, arranged one above another,
with the legend ivstitia virtvtvm reoina. He was inclined
to consider this curious piece to have been struck by the sup-
porters of Lady Jane Grey. An account of it, by Mr. J. Evans,
will be found in the Numismatic Chronicle, Vol. I. p. 109, N.S.

February 21, 1861.

W. S. W. Vaux, Esq., President, in the Chair,

The Rev. H. J. B. Nicholson, D.D., F.S.A. ; Augustus
W. Franks, Esq., M.A., Dir. Soc. Ant. ; Samuel Birch, Esq.,
F.S.A. ; and Sebastian Evans, Esq., M.A., were elected members.

NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. 5

Mr. J. J. Miekley, of Philadelphia, communicated a drawing
of a denier of John III., Duke of Brittany, differing slightly
from that engraved in the Revue Numumatique^ Yol. XII.
PL XVIII. No. 7.

The Hon. J. L. Warren communicated an account of a
remarkable jetton of Perkin Warbeck, of which an engraving
has lately been given in the Revue Numismatique by M. A.
de Longperier. It will be found described in the Numismatic
Chronicle, Vol. I. p. 32, N.S.

Mr. Franks communicated an account of a find of silver coins
at Idsworth, near Horndean, Hants. They were two hundred
and forty in number, and consisted of half-crowns, shillings, and
sixpences of Eli2abeth, James I., and Charles I. ; among the
latter was a shilling struck at Exeter, with the date 1644 on the
reverse.

Mr. Madden read an account of an unpublished variety of
the pennies of Ethelstan, King of the East Angles, a.d. 825
to 852. The paper is printed in the Numismatic Chronicle,
Vol. I. p. 85, N.S.

March 21, 1861.
W. S, W. Vaux, Esq., President, in the Chair.

James Sprent Virtue, Esq., was elected a member of the
Society.

The following presents were announced, and laid on the
table : —

1. Bulletin de la Societe des Antiquaires de Normandie.
1 An. 2 and 3 trimestres. Paris, 8vo. 1860. From the Society.

2. Monnaies Austrasiennes inedites j , t,, t^ i .

I by M. Roberts.

3. Monnaies de Ma^on ;

Mr. Lockhart exhibited a barbarous third-brass coin (struck

6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

in imitation of those of Tetricus the Younger, with the sacrificial
instruments on the reverse), which he had lately picked up with
some other relics of the Roman period in an excavation made
for a sewer at the corner of Blomfield Street, Finsbury.

Mr. Lockhart also exhibited a number of Chinese medals,
some of which were used as tokens for interchange between
lovers during their courtship. These were of brass, some four
or five inches in diameter, highly ornamented, and like brac-
teates in their character, the work being repousiS. Other
specimens exhibited the manner in which collections of medals
were preserved among the Chinese, and the method in which
the '' cash'* or brass coins of that nation are cast. Some Bndd-
hist medals, with Sanskrit inscriptions, usually placed in the
foundations of houses, were also exhibited.

Mr. Evans read a short paper on the medallions of Oom-
modus, which exhibit his head with the attributes of Hercules
on the obverse, and the Emperor (also in the character of
Hercules) ploughing with a yoke of oxen on the reverse, which
presents the legend herc. rom. conditori, with the year of
the consulate and tribunitian power. Mr. Evans remarked on
the causes which led Commodus to assume the character of
Hercules, and gave some account of the gladiatorial exploits
which he had performed in justification of this assumption.
He then proceeded to comment on the reverse, which comme-
morates the insane desire of Commodus to be regarded as the
founder of Rome, a city to which he gave the name of Colonia
Commodiana : its pomoerium he is represented, on these medal-
lions, as ploughing out with a yoke of oxen. "We learn from
history of a golden statue of Commodus ploughing with a yoke
of oxen, from which, possibly, the design was taken.

NUMISMATIC SOCIETY.

April 25, 1861.
W. S. W. Vaux, Esq., President, in the Chair.

Sir Henry Dryden, Bart., was elected a member of the
Society.

The following presents were announced, and laid on the
table ; —

PiiES£NTED Br

1. La Coniazione delle Monete Antiche, by Dr.

Friedlaender.

2. Un Sou d*or d'Aelia Galla Placidia, by Dr. ,, „,

Friedlaender. JMh.W£B8tbe.

3. Monnaie de Gregorius, exarque d'Afrique, I

by Dr. Friedlaender. J

4. Denkmaler und Forschungen, No. 136, ) Dk. Fkied-

j Li

5. Revue Numismatique Beige, Parts I., III., ")

jxT t llJ£ oOCIBrY.

6. Annuaire de 1' Academic Royale de Bel-j

gique, 1861. /

7. Bulletin de 1' Academic Eoyale de Belgique, (

29 annee, 2 Sec. torn. IX., X. j

8. Minnespenningar ofver enskilda Svenska^

Man och Quinnor — Medals of Private [ The Author.
Swedes, by E. B. Hildebrand. Stockhohn. )

Mr. R. Stuart Poole communicated an account of a copper
coin of ihh class struck after the death of Alexander the Great,
and before the assumption of regal titles by his generals. The
account will be found in Numismatic CLronicle, Vol. I.
p. 137, N.S.

Mr. Warren, of Ixworth, exhibited a cast of a third-brass
legionary coin of Carausius. The device on the reverse is a
ram, standing, to the right, and it bears on the exergue the
letters m.l., showing that it was issued from the London mint.
Of the legend only the final n is visible ; but it would appear

8 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

from BpecimenB published by Stukeley and others, that when
complete it stood leg. viii. in. There is some doubt whether
this IN was not preceded by some other letter; if so, it was
probably an m, and the title of the legion minebvia, and not
iNviCTA, as would be suggested by in.

May 23, 1861.
W. S. W. Vaux, Esq., President, in the Chair.

The Right Hon. the Earl of Enniskillen, Lieut.-Gen. Fox,
and the Rev. C. Weatherley, were elected members.

Mr. Evans read the following communications : —

From Mr. G. Sim, ** On the Lee Penny," which is formed of
a groat of Edward IV. of the London Mint, and not, as is
described in the edition of Sir Walter Scott's Novels of last year,
a shilling of Edward I.

From Dr. Friedlaender, " On a Coin of Helike," bearing the
head of Poseidon, surrounded by a circle of waves, which may
be a copy of the brass statue of Poseidon Helikonios. This is
the first coin that has been attributed to this town, which was
destroyed, in b.c. 878, by an earthquake. See Numismatic
Chronicle, Vol. I. p. 216.

From Mr. Webster, " On some Unpublished Roman Brass
Coins," including a rare medallion of Antoninus Pius.

Mr. Evans read a paper " On a Legionary Coin of Carausios/'
with a ram, r., on the reverse, and in the exergue m.l. (Londi-
nium), with the legend leg. i. MiN(ervia). Mr. Evans*s paper is
printed in the Numismatic Chronicle, Vol. I. p. 163, N.S.

Mr. Bergne gave a list of Coins found at Hounslow, which
will be found in full. Numismatic Chronicle, Vol I. p. 140, N.S.

Mr. Madden read a paper " On an Aureus of Licinius I.,**
lately brought from the East by Mr. G. Macleay, and of great
rarity, there being only two others known, one in the Vienna

NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. 9

.Museum (Mionnet), and the other, though very badly preserved,
in the Cabinet des M^dailles, at Paris. It may be described
as follows: — licinivs.avo. obdv.filii.svi. Full-faced bust of
Licinius I., with paludamentum and cuirass; rev. iovi.oons.
LioiNi.Avo. Jupiter, seated on an estrade, on which is inscribed,
8IC.X.SI0.XX. At his feet an eagle. In field, r., a star. In
exergue, SiM.AN.s. (Signata Moneta Antiochi^ 5). The British
Museum already possesses the full-face coin of Licinius II., with
the same reverse, excepting the exergual letters, which are
s.M.K.A. (Nicomedia 4). The letters obdv. have been variously
explained : " Ob Decennalia Vota," " Ob Duplicem Victoriam,"
(fee, but all are improbable and without meaning. Mr. de Salis
suggests OB. D (iem) V. (Quintum) (natalem understood), —
struck on the fifth birthday of his son. This seems the most
probable explanation.

Mr. Madden contributed a paper ''On the three Valen-
tinians," with remarks on the mint-marks of the period. It
may be found in full, Numismatic Chronicle, Vol. I. p. 112, N.S.

June 20, 1861.

ANNIVERSARY MEETING.

W. S. W. Vaux, Esq., President, in the Chair.

The Rev. Frederick K. Harford, Samuel Sharp, Esq., of
Dallington Hall, Northampton, and W. H. Coxe, Esq., F.Z.S.,
of the British Museum, were elected members of the Society.

The minutes of the last Anniversary Meeting were read and
confirmed, and the following Report of the Council was read to
the meeting : —

Gentlemen, — According to the usual custom of the Society,
the Council have the honour to lay before you the following

10 PROCEEDINGS OP THE

Report of the state of the Numismatic Society at this, another
Amiiyersary Meeting. And in the first place, the Council must
congratulate the Society on the flourishing condition it presents
to-day, both with respect to the new members it has added to
its books, and with respect to its loss, which is less than nsnal
during this year.

The only member whom we have lost by death is John
Hampden, Esq., of Leamington, while we have the satisfaction
of recording the election of the following gentlemen : —

The Right Hon. the Earl of Enniskillen, Hon. D.O.L.,
F.R.S., F.GS.

Sir Henry Dryden, Bart.

Rev. H. J. Boone Nicholson, D.D., F.8.A.

Lieut.-Gen. Fox, re-elected May 23, 1861.

Augustus W. Franks, Esq., M.A., Dir. 8. A.

Sebastian Evans, Esq., M.A.

Samuel Birch, Esq., F.S.A., formerly an honorary member —
elected February 21, 1861.

William Allen, Esq.

J. Sprent Virtue, Esq.

Rev. C. Weatherley.

Rev. Frederick K. Harford, F.S.A.

Samuel Sharp, Esq.

W. n. Goxe, Esq., F.Z.S.
If, therefore, we have lost by death one member, we have, on
the other hand, to congratulate the Society on the election of
thirteen new members, some of whom are well known at men
interested in, if not eminent for, the study of Nnmisuuilic
Science.

According to our Secretary's report, our actual numbers are
as follows; it will be seen that the term '' AssociateB" has been
abolished, and that the associates and honorary membera are
all under the one heading of " Honorary : '* —

123

—

1»

—

119

NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. 11

Original. Elected. Honorary. Total.

Members, June, 1860 10 61 48 109

Since Elected _ 13 i 14.

Deceased
Resigned

Total, June, 1861

We will now proceed to give a short notice of Mr. Hamp-
den's life, for which the Society is indebted to Mr. Dickinson,
who obtained it from his brother, the Bishop of Hereford.

The late John Hampden was a resident for many years,
indeed, all the last years of his life, at Leamington, where, from
the continual ill -health of his wife, he led a life of comparative
retirement. Having received an excellent classical education,
he devoted his time to the cultivation of those literary tastes in
which he greatly delighted, especially interesting himself in the
study of pictures, and of ancient coins and medals. Of these
he had formed a considerable collection. Among his pictures
is a valuable authentic one, by Walker, of John Hampden.
In regard to history, proud as he was of the connection of
his family with that of the patriot, he had particularly ac-
quainted himself with that portion in which that illustrious
man was so conspicuous a leader, and had collected a mass
of materials illustrative of that period. But his own infirm
health, aggravated by continual anxious care for his wife,
prevented his turning these materials to account by any work
of literary labour. He entered the University of Oxford when
about eighteen years of age, as member of University College,
and passed the first examination for the degree of B.A., but
having occasion to leave Oxford for a short time, he did not

* J. Hampden, Esq.

t Lieut.Gen. Fox, and C. T. Newton, Esq., M.A.

i Samoel Birch, £»q., F S.A.

12 PROCEEDINGS OF THE

return there to complete his academical course. Afterwards he
married Mary Georgina, one of the sisters of the late Sir Edmund
Filmer, Bart., of East Sutton Park, Kent, hy whom he had
two sons and one daughter. One of the sons, and the daughter,
now a widow, survive him. During the sojourn of the present
Emperor of the French at Leamington, Mr. Hampden became
acquainted with him, and had the honour of receiving him and
his suite at his house. In political feeling, holding at the same
time sound Conservative principles, he belonged to the Liberal
party. In religion, he was a firm and consistent member of
the Church of England, yet of a spirit tolerant and kind towards
those of other communions. His own death was probably much
hastened by his affliction at the death of his wife in the year
preceding. Most affectionate as he was to those with whom
Providence had especially connected him by the ties of nature,
he was kind and courteous to all with whom he was in any way
associated, so that he has passed from among us, not without
leaving to many a pleasing, to some a grateful remembrance of
his gentle and unostentatious virtues. He died when he had
but just attained the sixty -second year of his age, on the 13th of
November, 1860. His remains were placed by the side of his
departed wife in a vault in the catacombs under Leamington
parish church, and a monumental slab, with a Latin inscription,
is erected to his memory on the walls of the church.

The Council have the honour of recording the election of
Dr. Namur, Secretary of the Archaeological Society of Luxem-
bourg, as an honorary member.

The Council cannot conclude their report without calling the
attention of the Society to the new base on which it has been
placed during the present session. The rules have been revised,
the subscription has been reduced from £1 10«. to £1 1«. per
annum, which entitles the subscriber to the Publications of the
Society for that year ; and a New Series of the Chronicle has
been commenced. The Council earnestly hope that all members
will help it by contributions, as, without their cordial co-opera-

NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. 13

tion, it will be impossible for the Chronicle to be issued with
due regularity, or to represent, as it ought, the state of Numis-
matic Science in Great Britain.

A complete index of the twenty volumes of the Old Series
has been made, including names of contributors and titles of
papers.

The New Series is edited by W. 8. W. Vaux, Esq., M.A.,
F.S.A., and by the Secretaries, John Evans. Esq., F.S.A., and
Fred. W. Madden, Esq., M.R.S.L., Mr. J. Yonge Akerman
being compelled, through increasing ill-health, to retire from
those pursuits he loved so well.

The balance sheet of the Treasurer showing the financial
condition of the Society is annexed : —

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PROCEEDINGS OF THE NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. 15

A list of the papers contributed to the ordinary meetings
was then read.

The meeting then proceeded to ballot for the Officers of the
ensuing year, when the following gentlemen were elected : —

President,
W. S. W. Vaux, Esq., M.A., F.S.A., F.R.A.S.

Vice-Presidents,
J. B. Bbrgne, Esq., F.S.A.
Edward Hawkins, Esq., F.S.A., F.L.S.

Treasurer,
George H. Virtue, Esq., F.S.A.

Secretaries,
John Evans, Esq., F.S.A., F.G.S.
Fred. W. Madden, Esq., M.R.S.L.

Foreign Secretary,
John Yonge Akerman, Esq., F.S.A.

Librarian.
John Williams, Esq., F.S.A.

Members of the Council,
S. Birch, Esq., F.S.A.
W. BoYNE, Esq., F.S.A.
F. W. Fairholt, Esq., F.S.A.
John Lee, Esq., LL.D., F.R.S.
Captain Murchison.
Rev. H. J. B. Nicholson, D.D. F.S.A.
Rev. Assheton Pownall, M.A.
J. F. W. De Salis, Esq.
Hon. J. Leicester Warren, M.A.
R. Whitbourn, Esq., F.S.A.

The Society then Adjourned till October 24, 1861.

LIST OF MEMBERS

OF THE

NUMISMATIC SOCIETY

OP LONDON,
DECEMBER, 1861.

LIST OF MEMBERS

OF THE

NUMISMATIC SOCIETY

OP LONDON,
DECEMBER 1861.

An Asterisk prefixed to a name indicates that the Member has compounded
for his annual contribution.

♦Alexander, Edward Nelson, Esq., Halifax, Yorkshire.
Allen, William, Esq., North Villa, Winchmore Hill, Southgate.
Anderson, Col. William, C.B., 19, Gloucester Square.

*Babington, Rev. Churchill, B.D., St. John's College, Cambridge.
Barton, William Henry, Esq., Royal Mint, Tower Hill.
Baylet, E. Clive, Esq., H.E.I.C.S., India.
Bbrone, John B., Esq., F.S.A., Foreign Office, Downing Street,

Vice-Fvfsident,
Birch, Samuel, Esq., E.S.A., British Museum.
Botfield, Beriah, Esq., M.P., F.R.S., P.S.A., F.G.S., 5, Grosvenor

Square.
Boyne, William, Esq., F.S.A., 6, Moore Park Villas, Fulham.
Brown, Thomas, Esq., 39, Paternoster Row.
BuNBURY, Edward H., Esq, M.A., F.G.S., 15, Jermyn Street.
BuRNEY, Venerable Archdeacon, D.D., F.R.S., F.S.A., Rectory,

Sible Hedinghan), Essex.
Bush, Colonel Tobin, East HiU Place, Hastings.

Chambers, Montague, Esq., Q.C, Child's Place, Temple Bar.
CoxE, W. H., Esq, F.Z S., British Museum.

Dickinson, W. Binley, Esq., 5, Lansdowne Terrace, Leamington.
Dryden, Sir Henry, Bart., Canon's Ashby, Northamptonshire.

4 LIST OF MEMBERS.

Ennisktllen, Right Hon. The Eakl of, Hok. D.C.L., FJLS.,
F.G.S., M.R.I.A., Florence Court, Feomanagh, Ireland.

Evans, John, Esq., F.S.A., F.G.S., Nash Mills, Heme! Hempstead,
Secretary.

Evans, Sebastian, Esq., M.A., 145, Highgate, Birmingham.

Fairholt, F. W., Esq., F.S.A., 11, Montpelier Square, Brompton.
Farrow, Morlet, Esq., M.R.S.L., Bridgewick Hall, Chapel, near

Halstead, Essex.
Fox, Lieut.-Gen., Addison Road, Kensington.
Franks, Augustus Wollaston, Esq., M.A., Dir. See. Ant., British

Museum.
Freudent^al, W., Esq., 4, Newington Place, Kennington Road.

*GuEST, Edwin, Esq., LL D., D.C.L., Master of Caius College, Cam-
hridge.

Hardy, WiLLUiif, Esq., F.S A., Puchy of Lancaster Office, Somerset

House.
Harford, Rev. F. K., F.S.A., 36, Cavendish Square.
Hartwright, John Henry, Esq., Tarvin Road, Chester.
Hawkins, Edward, Esq., F.S.A., F.L.S., 6, Lower Berkeley Street,

Portman Square, Vice-President.
Hawkins, Walter, Esq., F.S.A., 5, Leonard Place, Kensington.
Hay, Major, H.E.I.C.S., Linden Lodge, Loan Head, Edinburgh.

Jones, James Cove, Esq, F.S. A., Loxley, Wellesboume, Warwick.
Joyce, Geo. Prince, Esq., F.S. A., Quay Street, Newport, Isle of Wight.

*Lee, John, Esq., LL.D., F.R.S., <fec., 6, College, Poctors' Commons.
LoEWE, Dr. L., M.R.A.S., 46, Buckingham Place, Brighton.

Madden, Frederic William, Esq., M.R.S.L., British Mnseiim,

Se retary.
Mayer, Jos., Esq, F.S.A., Lord Street, Liverpool,
Moore, General, 102, Piccadilly, and U.S. Cluh.
MuRCHisoN, Captain, R.M., 27, Milsom Street, Bath.
MusGRiVE, Sir George, Bart., F.S.A., Eden Hall, Penrith,

LIST OF MEMBERS. 5

Nichols, J. Gough, Esq., F.S.A., 25, Parliament Street.
Nicholson, Rev. Hbney J. Boone, D.D., F.S.A.., Rectory, St. Alban's.
NoaRis, Edwin, Esq., F.S.A., 6, St. Michael's Grove, Brompton.

Oldpield, Edmund, Esq., M.A., F.S.A., 61, Pall Mall.

PrisTER, John Geoege, Esq., British Museum.
Pollexpen, Rev. J. H., St. Mary's Terrace, Colchester.
Poole, Reginald Stuakt, Esq., M.R.S.L., British Museum.
Powell, Edward Jos., Esq., 8, Gtordon Street, Gordon Square.
PowNALL, Rev. Assheton, M.A., South Kil worth, Rugby.

Ramsay, Prop. W., The College, Glasgow.

Rashleigh, Jonathan, Esq., 3, Cumberland Terrace, Regent's Park.

Rawlinson, Sir Henry C, K.C.B., F.R.S., Hon. D.C.L., 39, Hill

Street, Berkeley Square.
*Reade, Rev. J. B., F.R.S., Vicarage, Ellesborough, Bucks.
RoLPE, H. W., Esq., 3, Punderson Place, Bethnal Green Road.

Salis, J. F. W. De, Hillingdon Place, Uxbridge.
Sharp, Samuel, Esq., Dallington Hall, Northampton.
Sim, George, Esq., 40, Charlotte Square, Edinburgh.

Taylor, Charles R., Esq., 2, Montague Street, Russell Square.
♦Thomas, Edward, Esq., H.EI.C.S., 2, Albert Place, Kensington.

Vaux, W. Sandys Wright, Esq., M.A., F.S.A., F.R.A.S., British

Museum, President,
ViRTOE, George Henry, Esq., F.S.A., 25, Paternoster Row, Treasurer.
Virtue, James Sprent, Esq, City Road.

Warren, Hon. J. Leicester, M.A., 33, St. James's Square.

Weatherley, Rev. C, Hillingdon, Uxbridge.

Webster, W., Esq., 17, Great Russell Street, Coyent Garden.

Whitbourn, Richard, Esq., F.S.A., Bank, Godalming.

♦White, James, Esq, Rochester House, Little Ealing,

WiGAN, Edward, Esq., 17, Highbury Terrace.

Wilkinson, John, Esq., F.S.A., 3, Wellington Street, Strand,

(^ LIST OF MEMBERS.

Williams, John, Esq., F.S.A., Royal Astronomical Society, Somerset

House, Librarian.
WiNGRovE, Drummond Bond, Esq., 30, Wood Street, Cheapside.
♦Wood, Samuel, Esq., F.S.A., Shrewsbury.
Worms, George, Esq., 27, Park Crescent, Regent's Park.

HONORARY MEMBERS.

Adrian, Dr. J. D., Giessen.

Akerman, J. YoNGE, Esq., F.S.A., Abingdon, Berkshire.

Arneth, Prof. Joseph, Vienna.

Behr, The Baron, Constantinople.

Cadalvene, The Chevalier Edouard de, Constantinople.

Carrara, Prof. Dr. Franc, Spalatro, Dalmatia.

Caste LLANOS, Senor Don Basilto Sebastian, Madrid.

Cavedoni, M., Naples.

Chalon, M. Renier, Brussels.

Clercq, M. J. le, Brussels.

Cochet, M. L'Abb^, 128, Rue d'Ecosse, Dieppe.

Delgado, Don Antonio.

Dietrichsen, Count, Vienna.

Dorn, Dr. Bern hard, St. Petersburg.

Gonzales, M. Carlo, Rome.
Gkeyille, M. B. de, Paris.
Grote, Dr. H., Hanover.
Grotefend, Dr. C. L., Hanover.
Guioth, M. Leon, Liege.

Hart, A. Wellington, Esq., 16, Ex Place, New York.
Hildebrand, M. Emil Bror, Stockholm.
Holmboe, Prof., Christiana.

LIST OF MEMBERS. T

Itanhoff, The Chevaliek Theodore, Smyrna.

K(EHNE, Dk. Bernhard de, St. Petersburg.

Laplanji, M. Edouard, St. Omer.

Leemans, Dr. Conra9, Lejfden.

Lis y Rives, SeSior Don V. Bertran de, Madrid.

LoNGPiRiER, M. Adrien de, Mus^e du Louvre, Paris.

LoHiCHS, Count Gustavus Dan., Madrid.

Melchiorri, II Marchese Giuseppe di, Rome.
MiNERViNi, Car. Giulio, Rome.

Namur, Dr. a., Luxembourg.

Northumberland, His Grace The Duke of, F.R.S., F.S.A.,
Northumberland House, Strand.

OsTEN, The Chevalier Prokesch d', Athens.

Perthes, M. Jacques Boucher de Crevecceur de, Abbeville.
PiETRASZEWSKi, Dr. Ionatius, Berlin.
PiRCHE, Baron de, Avranches, Normandy.

Riccio, Gennaro, Naples*

Sabatier, M. J., 30, Rue Antoinette, Montmartre, Pans.

Santarem, Viscount de, Paris.

Saulcy, M. F. de, 5, Rue du Cirque, Paris.

Saussaye, M. de la, 38, Rue des Sts. P^res, Paris.

Smith, Dr. Aquilla, M.R.I.A., Baggot Street, Dublin.

Smith, C. Roach, Esq., F.S.A., Temple Place, Strood, Kent.

Thomsen, Herr Christian Jurgensen, Copenhagen.

Vallersani, II Prof., Florence.
Verachter, M. Frederick, Antwerp.

Witte, M. le Baron de, Paris.

ly. — Election, Admission, and Expulsion op Members.

5. Every person desirous of admission into the Society
as a Member, must be proposed and recommended agreeably
to tlie form No. 1, in the Appendix hereto; which must
be subscribed by, at least, three Members, one of whom
must certify his personal knowledge of such candidate.

6. Every recommendation of a proposed Member must
be read at one of the ordinary Meetings of the Society ;
after which it shall be placed in some conspicuous part of
the room where the Society meets, and shall remain until
the candidate be balloted for.

7. The ballot shall take place at the first ordinary
Meeting after that on which the candidate is proposed.

8. No person shall be considered as elected a Member,
unless he have in his favour at least three-fourths of the
Members voting.

9. When a person shall have been elected a Member,
one of the Secretaries shall inform him thereof by letter,
at the same time forwarding to him a copy of the Rules of
the Society, with the card announcing the days on which
the Meetings are held.

10. Every person so elected shall be requested to pay
his admission-fee and first annual contribution within two
calendar months after the day of his election ; and, shall,
thereby, become a Member of the Society, and entitled to
have his name inscribed in the Register of Members.

11. Should there appear cause in the opinion of the
Council for the expulsion of any Member, the same shall
be communicated to the Society at one of their Meetings,
and, at that next ensuing, if three-fourths of those voting
agree that such Member or Associate be expelled^ the

President, or other Member in the chair, shall declare the
same accordingly. Whereupon his name shall be erased
from the list of Members.

V. ~ Contributions of Members.

12. Each Member hereafter to be elected shall pay the
stma of two guineas, i, e. one guinea as an admission-fee,
and one guinea as his first year's Subscription ; and shall
pay one guinea for every subsequent year, on the first of
January, which shall entitle him to the Publications of the
Society for that year.

13. Any Member may, at his entrance, compound for his
contributions by the payment of twelve guineas, exclusive
of his admission-fee; or he may, at any time afterwards
(all sums then due being first paid), compound for his
subsequent annual contributions by the like payment of
twelve guineas.

14. Every Member desirous of resigning, shall be liable
to the payment of his annual contributions until he shall
have signified such desire in writing to the Treasurer of the
Society, and shall have discharged his arrears.

15. Whenever a Member shall be more than one year in
arrear in the payment of his annual contributions, the
Treasurer shall write a letter of the form No. 2, in the
Appendix hereto, and address and forward the same to such
Member, accompanied by copies of this and the following
Rule.

16. If the arrears shall not be paid within six months
after the forwarding of such letter, the name of the Member
80 in arrear shall be placed in some conspicuous part of
the room where the Society meets, with the amount of the
contributions due from him; and such Member shall not
have the right to enjoy any of the privileges of Membership
until his arrears be paid.

VI. — Honorary Members,

17. Every person eminent in Numismatic Science shall be
eligible as an Honorary Member ; but when proposed must
be recommended by three or more Members, agreeably to
the form No. 3, in the Appendix.

18. The mode of proposing and balloting for an Honorary
Member shall be the same as that prescribed in the case of
an ordinary Member ; but no person shall be balloted f(xc
as an Honorary Member unless the Council shall have
previously approved of him as a Candidate.

19. Whenever a person shall have been elected an
Honorary Member, the Secretary shall inform him thereof,
and forward to him his Diploma, drawn up agreeably to
the form prescribed by the Council.

20. Honorary Members shall not have the right of
holding any Office in the Society, but may receive the
Publications of the Society.

VII. — Council.

21. The Council shall have the management and direction
of all the affairs of the Society, subject to the control of the
General Meetings.

22. The Council shall meet at the house or apartments
of the Society, once at least, in every month during the
Session ; and due notice of each Meeting shall be sent, by
one of the Secretaries, to every Member thereof, five of
whom shall form a quorum.

23. All questicHis shall be decided in the Council by
open vote.

24. The Council shall draw up a Report on the state of
the affairs of tlie Society, to be presented at the Annual

General Meeting, In this Report shall be given an Abstract
of their Proceedings during the year.

25. Minutes of the Proceedings of the Council shall be
taken by one of the Secretaries, which shall be afterwards
fairly entered into the Minute Book ; and, having been read
over at the next Meeting of the Council, shall be signed by
the President, or other Member then in the chair.

VIII. — Ordinaky MEETiNas.

26. The Ordinary Meetings of the Society shall be held
on the third Thursday in every month, from November to
June, both inclusive.

27. Business shall commence at seven o'clock in the
evening precisely, when the Minutes of the preceding
Ordinary Meeting shall be read.

28. The business at the Ordinary Meetings shall be to
propose and ballot for Members; to announce such Donations
as may have been made to the Society ; to read Communi-
cations relating to Numismatic Science, and the subjects
connected therewith ; and to proceed upon any other subject
which may have been authorised by the Council.

29. Every Member shall have the privilege of introducing
a Visitor at any of the Ordinary Meetings, on writing the
name of such Visitor opposite to his own name, in a book
provided for that purpose.

IX.— Annual General Meeting.

30. A General Meeting shall be held annually, on the
third Thursday in June, at 7 p.m., to receive the Report
of the Council on the state of the Society; to determine
such questions as may be proposed relative to the affairs of
the Society ; and to elect the Officers for the ensuing year.

31. The President, or other Member in the chair, shall
appoint two or more Scrutineers from among the Members
present, to superintend the Ballot during its progress, and
to report the result to the Meeting.

32. The Ballot shall commence at 7 P.M. and dose
at 8 P.M.

X. — Altekation op Rules.

33. Whenever the Council may think it advisable to
propose the enactment of any new Rule, or the alteration
or repeal of any existing Rule, they shall recommend the
same to the Society at the Annual General Meeting, or at
an Ordinary Meeting, notice whereof shall have been sent
to each Member one fortnight previously.

34. Any five Members may recommend any new Rule,
or the alteration or repeal of any existing Rule, to the
Council, by letter, the ultimate decision in all cases resting
with the Society.

XI. — Special Committees.

35. Committees for forwarding specific objects connected
with Nmnismatic Science may, from time to time, be
appointed by the Council, to whom their Reports shall be
submitted. In the formation of these Committees, the
Council may request the assistance and advice of persons
not Members o^ the Society.

XII.— Pkesident and Yice-Presibents.

36. The duty of tiie President shall be to take the chair
at every Meeting of the Society and CounciL

37. In the absence of the President, one of the Vice-
Presidents, or, in their absence, the Treasurer, or one of
the Members of the Council, shall take the chair^ and

conduct the business of the Meeting ; and in case of the
absence of all those Officers, the Meeting may elect any
other Member present to take the chair.

38. The President, or other Member in the chair, shall
not vote on any question brought before the Meeting, except
where a casting vote be necessary, in which case he shall
be at liberty to give such casting vote.

XIII. — Treasukeb.

39. The Treasurer shall receive and pay all sums of
money due to and by the Society ; and shall keep a regular
account of receipts and payments in the mode which may
seem most proper to the Council, who shall have the
direction and control of the money in his hands.

40. No sum of money payable on account of the Society,
amounting to five pounds and upwards, shall be paid,
except by order of the Council, signed by the President, or
other Member in the chair, and registered by one of the
Secretaries.

41. The account of the Treasurer shall be audited
annually by two or more auditors, chosen by the Society at
one of the three Ordinary Meetings immediately preceding
the Annual General Meeting, who shall report at such
Annual General Meeting the particulars of the receipts
and expenditure of the past year, the balance in hand, and
the general state of the funds and property of the Society;
and shall also lay on the table a list of the names of those
Members who may be in arrear for sums due at the last
Annual General Meeting, together with the amount of the
same.

42. The Treasurer may, with the approbation of the
Council, appoint a proper person to collect the annual
contributions of tlie Members*

XIV.— The Secbetaries.

43. The duties of the Secretaries shall be to attend all
the Meetings of the Society and of the Council ; to take
Minutes of all their proceedings, and cause them to be
entered as early as possible in the proper books provided
for that purpose.

44. Their duty at the Ordinary Meetings shall also be to
read the Minutes of tlie preceding Meeting ; to announce
the Donations made to the Society since the last Meeting ;
to give notice of any candidate proposed for admission, or
to be balloted for ; and to read the letters and papers pre-
sented to the Society ; but, should any person be desirous
of reading his own paper, he shall be at liberty so to do,
with permission of the Council.

45. The Secretaries shall have the superintendence of
all the persons employed by the Society (except the Col-
lector), and the management of the correspondence of the
Society, subject, however, to the direction and control of
the Council.

46. The Secretaries shall have the charge (under the
direction of the Council) of Printing and Publishing the
Proceedings and other papers of the Society.

XV. — The Libraiiy and Museum.

47. The President, Secretaries, and Librarian, shall
have the superintendence of the Library and Cabinets of
Coins and Medals, Casts, and other like property, and be a
permanent Committee for that purpose.

48. A Catalogue of the Books presented to, or pur-
chased by, the Society ; and of all Coins, Medals, Casts,
and other like property, shall be kept under the superin-
tendence of the above Committee, with the names of the
respective Donors.

XVL — The Common Seal and Deeds.

49. The common Seal of the Society shall be a repre-
sentation of the Symbols of Metals and Mintage, sur-
rounded by the words, Sigillum Societatis Numismaticce
Londinensis,

50. The Common Seal and Muniments of the Society
shall be in the charge of the Library Committee.

51. The Common Seal shall not be affixed to any Deed
or Writing except at a Meeting of the Council, and by
their authority ; and such Deed or Writing shall then be
signed by the President, or other Member in the Chair,
and by one of the Secretaries, and the particulars of the
same entered in the Minute Book.

XVII. — The Property of the Societt,

52. The Council shall appoint three Members of the
Society to act as Trustees of the property of the Society,
and may appoint others in their place on any vacancy
occurring by resignation or otherwise. The Council shall,
from time to time, decide on the mode of investing the
property of the Society, which investment shall be made in
the names of the Trustees for the time being.

53. Every Paper which may be presented to the Society
shall, in consequence of such presentation, be considered as
the property of the Society, unless there shall have been
any previous engagement with its Author to the contrary ;
and the Council may publish the same in any way and at
any time that they may think proper.

54. No Books, Papers, or other property belonging to
the Society, shall be lent Nvithout leave of the Librarian ;

but every Member shall be at liberty to inspect the Books,
Coins, and Medals belonging to the Society; but no
Moulds shall be taken without the consent of the Council.

XVIII. — Donations and Bequests.

55. Every Person who shall contribute to the Collection,
to the Library, or to the general Funds of the Society,
shall be recorded as a Benefactor or Benefactress, and his
or her name shall be read at the Annual General Meeting
and be inserted in the next Report of the Proceedings.

RECOMMENDATIONS.

Form for Cheque.

London, 18

Messrs.

I request that you will pay to the Numismatic
Society now the sum of One Guinea, and that you will
continue the payment thereof on each succeeding First
of January, until further notice.

The above when filled up should be returned to the Treasurer or Collector.

conduct the business of the Meeting; and in case of the
absence of all those Officers, the Meeting may elect any-
other Member present to take the chair.

XIII. — Treasurer.

41. The account of the Treasurer shall be audited
annually by two or more auditors, chosen by the Society at
one of the three Ordinary Meetings immediately preceding
the Annual General Meeting, who shall report at such
Annual General Meeting the particulars of the receipts
and expenditure of the past year, the balance in hand, and
the general state of the funds and property of the Society ;
and shall also lay on the table a list of the names of those
Members who may be in arrear for sums due at the last
Annual General Meeting, together with the amount of the
same.

42. The Treasurer may, with the approbation of the
Council, appoint a proper person to collect the annual
contributions of tlie Members.

APPENDIX.

Form No. 1.

A.B. \JIere state the Christian Name^ Surname, Rank,

Profession^ and itsual place of Residence

of the Candidate.']

being desirous of Admission into the Numismatic Society,

we, the undersigned, propose and recommend him as a

proper person to become a Member thereof.

Witness our hands this
day of 18

■___ from Personal knowledge.

— from Greneral knowledge.

Form No. 2.

Sir, — I am directed by the Council of the Numismatic
Society, to inform you that the sum of

was due on account of your annual contributions,
on the first day of January last ; the payment of which I
earnestly request.

I am. Sir,

Your obedient Servant,

li'easurer.

Form No. 3.

We, the undersigned, having a personal knowledge of,
or being acquainted with the works of,

\_Here state the Christian Name^ Surname^ Ranky

Profession^ tisual place of Residence^ and Title of

one or more of the Works, of the person proposed.^

propose and recommend him as a proper person to become

an Honorary Member of the Numismatic Society.

Witness our hands this day of

Approved by the Council.

Secretary.

We, the Committee appointed to reconstruct the Rules
of the Numismatic Society of London, have agreed to the
accompanying Code, which we submit to the Council for
their consideration.

(Signed)

W. S. W. Vaux
John Evans

F. Madden

G. H. VlRTTTE

R. M. MUROHISON.

13, Gate St, LincoMs-Inn-Fields,
January 10, 1861.

J UN 1 6 1916

XIV. — The Secbetaries.

44. Their duty at the Ordinary Meetings shall also be to
read the Minutes of the preceding Meeting ; to announce
the Donations made to the Society since the last Meeting;
to give notice of any candidate proposed for admission, or
to be balloted for ; and to read the letters and papers pre-
sented to the Society ; but, should any person be desirous
of reading his own paper, he shall be at liberty so to do,
with permission of the CounciL

46. The Secretaries shall have the charge (under the
direction of the Council) of Printing and Publishing the
Proceedings and other papers of the Society.

XV. — The Library and Museum.

XVL — The Common Seal and Deeds.

49. The common Seal of the Society shall be a repre-
sentation of the Symbols of Metals and Mintage, sur-
rounded by the words, Sigillum Societatia Numismatica
Londinensis,

50. The Conmion Seal and Muniments of the Society
shall be in the charge of the Library Committee.

XVII. — The Property of the Socdett.

54. No Books, Papers, or other property belonging to
the Society, shall be lent without leave of the Librarian ;

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